Cytokines: Introduction

Th2 cytokines and asthma: an introduction

Asthma is a highly complex disease that is still poorly understood and whose cause remains unknown. One of the striking advances in the last decade has been the recognition that cytokines play a critical role in orchestrating, perpetuating and amplifying the inflammatory response in asthma. Indeed the increased and abnormal expression of cytokines in airway cells is one of the major targets of ...

Inflammatory biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes: part I: introduction and cytokines.

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are multifactorial and occur in response to inflammation, plaque rupture and subsequent thrombosis, progressive mechanical obstruction, and dynamic obstruction.1 Patients with ACS span a large spectrum of risk that progresses from unstable angina (UA) to non–STelevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) to ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). ECG findings and ...

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

Introduction to circular data

In many diverse scientific fields, the measurements are directions. For instance, a biologist may be measuring the direction of flight of a bird or the orientation of an animal. A series of such observations is called ”directional data”. Since a direction has no magnitude, these can be conveniently represented as points on the circumference of a unit circle centered at the origin or as unit ...

Introduction to Ethics

  The issues involved in this article are mainly concentrated on the origins of ethics or Moral ethics as an indepent science It has been said that this area of science was founded by Greek Philosophers after a great crisis and debates between such thinkers as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle on one side and  study of other cuitures and moral traditions, especially the Chinese and Hindu tradition...