Thermal Energy Exchange between Organism and Environment
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چکیده
The effects of weather are manifested in an organism-environment relationship through the mediu m of thermal or h eat exchange_ Meteorological param eters alone may be quite meaningless when used in interpreting animal responses because weather instruments do not respond to the thermal regime of the atmosphere in the same way that a living organism does _ Further, weather instruments are often placed in standard weather shelters at standard heights so that as many variables as possible are eliminated_ A living organism, however, is exposed to changing weather conditions, and it also has its own physiological and behavioral variables . Knowledge of the basic principles of heat exchange enables the biologist to understand the functional relationships between weather and the living organism. An organism is coupled to energy-exchange processes by certain specific properties of its own (Gates 1963). The amount of heat exchange by radiation, convection, conduction, or evaporation depends on the thermal characteristics of the atmosphere and substrate, such as soil, rock, or snow, and the thermal characteristics of an organism. If a surface is highly reflective to radiant energy, then there can be little thermal effect from radiation. A cylinder with a very small diameter is a very efficient convector and slight air movement can result in a large amount of heat loss. Conversely, a large cylinder is a poor convector. An object covered with a layer of good insulation loses little heat by conduction, and an object with no water or other fluid that can be vaporized can have no heat loss by evaporation.
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