Graded and All-or-None Electrogenesis in Arthropod Muscle

Graded electrically excited responsiveness of Romalea muscle fibers is converted to all-or-none activity by Ba(++), Sr(++), or Ca(++), the two former being much the more effective in this action. The change occurs with as little as 7 to 10 per cent of Na(+) substituted by Ba(++). The spikes now produced have overshoots and may be extremely prolonged, lasting many seconds. During the spike the membrane resistance is lower than in the resting fiber, but the resting resistance and time constant are considerably increased by the alkali-earth ions. The excitability is also increased, spikes arising neurogenically from spontaneous repetitive discharges in the axon as well as myogenically from spontaneous activity in the muscle fibers. Repetitive responses frequently occur on intracellular stimulation with a brief pulse. The data indicate that the alkali-earth ions exert a complex of effects on the different action components of electrically excitable membrane. They may be described in terms of the ionic theory as follows: The resting K(+) conductance is diminished. The sodium inactivation process is also diminished, and sodium activation may be increased. Together these changes can act to convert graded responsiveness to the all-or-none variety. The alkali-earth ions can also to some degree carry inward positive charge during activity, since spikes are produced when Na(+) is fully replaced with the divalent ions.