The Cognitive Processes used in Team Collaboration during
نویسندگان
چکیده
The purpose of this paper is to describe the unique cognitive processes that are employed to optimize collaborative team decision making in a geographically distributed and time delayed situation. The cognitive processes will be illustrated within the context of a structural model of team collaboration. The team collaboration model has four unique but interdependent stages of team collaboration. The stages are: Team Knowledge Construction, Collaborative Team Problem Solving, Team Consensus, and Product Evaluation & Revision. The stages are not strictly sequential but are very dynamic throughout the collaboration process. The cognitive processes are represented at four levels: Meta-cognition, which guides the overall problem solving process, the Information Processing Tasks required by the team to complete each collaboration stage, the Knowledge Required to support the information processing tasks and the Communication Mechanisms for Knowledge Building and Information Processing. Results from the empirical team collaboration studies indicate significant differences in the cognitive processes and sub-processes across the four collaboration stages for the face-to-face teams compared to asynchronous, distributed teams. Understanding these differences will facilitate the design of collaboration tools for asynchronous, distributed teams and will provide for more effective and timely collaborative decision-making. Introduction The structural model of team collaboration described in this paper emphasizes the cognitive aspects of the collaboration process. The model includes the domain characteristics, collaboration stages, meta-cognitive processes, information processing tasks, knowledge required for each information task and the communication mechanisms for knowledge building and information tasks. There have been numerous models of team collaboration (Orasanu & Salas, 1992; Rogers & Ellis, 1994; Stahl, 2000; McNeese, Rentsch, Perusich, 2000; Hurley, 2002; Noble, 2002) each focusing on various aspects of collaboration while describing those aspects at different levels of detail. However, for a model of collaboration to be an effective mechanism for understanding the operating cognitive mechanisms underlying collaborative team behavior the model needs to be defined at a level of granularity, which covers all the major components and mechanisms of team collaboration. The approach to describing the current model is as follows: (1) define the problem domain for the model, (2) define all the various collaboration stages that a team goes through to solve the problem, (3) define the metacognitive processes that guide team collaboration, (4) define and describe the information processing components that the team performs to achieve each collaboration stage, (5) define the knowledge required to achieve each information processing component and (6) define the communication mechanisms used by the team to build the necessary knowledge along with supporting the information processing.The cognitive mechanisms in the model are described at a macro level (i.e. meta-cognition,information processing, knowledge building and communication mechanisms) rather than at the micro level (i.e. neural-cognitive). The reason for describing the model’s cognitive processes at the macro level is driven by our limited understanding of how teams think during collaborative problem solving in asynchronous, distributed environments. In addition, our current metrics for measuring, at the micro level, the cognitive mechanisms teams use to solve collaborative problems are still pre-mature and need further refinement. The model’s
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