In this paper, the multiply-detected macrodiversity (MDM) scheme is proposed for wireless cellular systems. As opposed to the traditional macrodiversity schemes, in which at any time a signal from only one base station is selected, in the MDM scheme there is no selection, but all the received signals are detected, and a maximum-likelihood decision algorithm is employed to maximize the probabili...

This research paper presents a novel high bit rate and spectral efficient 20 Gb/s mode division multiplexed (MDM) radio over free space optical communication (MDM-RoFSO) system. 10 MZM/QAM-16-modulated data streams, each from two distinct channels, are transported spiral-phased Hermite–Gaussian (HG) laser modes, HG00 HG01, respectively. These HG channels using MDM at GHz RF signal, amplified tr...

BACKGROUND Warthin's tumor is a benign monomorphic adenoma with unclear origin that almost occur exclusively in the parotid gland. Etiology of Warthin's tumor as well as its malignant potential are still unclear. Therefore immunohistochemical assessment of Warthin's tumor may be useful to detect its origin or its malignant transformation potential. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The present study aims t...

HIV-1 uses mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells) as a vehicle for its own dissemination and as a reservoir for continuous viral replication. The mechanism by which the host immune system clears HIV-1-infected macrophages is not understood. TRAIL may play a role in this process. TRAIL is expressed on the cell membrane of peripheral immune cells and can be cl...

The minimum diameter method of morphometry (MDM) is used to measure and detect changes in myofibre diameters (FD). The MDM is used to identify pathology in skeletal muscle. In such studies, an assumption is made that the mean FD in a particular muscle in both limbs is essentially the same. This study explored this premise to determine the accuracy of MDM as a means of morphometric analysis. Mus...

BACKGROUND Some ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) are present on tumour cells. The role of PRR in signalling for cytokine and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) production by monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) stimulated with tumour cells was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Monocytes/MDM were pretreated with PRR ligands or anti-PRR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and s...

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) expression in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) infected in vitro is known to be inhibited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the mechanisms are incompletely understood. We show here that HIV-1 suppression is mediated by soluble factors released by MDM stimulated with physiologically significant concentrations of LPS. LPS-conditioned supernatants from ...

Multifactorial mechanisms comprising countless cellular factors and virus-encoded transactivators regulate the transcription of HIV-1 (HIV). Since poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) regulates numerous genes through its interaction with various transcription factors, inhibition of PARP-1 has surfaced recently as a powerful anti-inflammatory tool. We suggest a novel tactic to diminish HIV rep...

Classic linear dimensionality reduction (LDR) methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), are known not to be robust against outliers. Following a systematic analysis of the multi-class LDR problem in a unified framework, we propose a new algorithm, called minimal distance maximization (MDM), to address the non-robustness issue. The principle behi...