The objective of this paper is to describe and analyze a series of nonlinear finite element analyses used to compare three design methods for locally slender, braced, steel beams and columns. The three design methods are: (i) the hot-rolled steel AISC Specification, (ii) the coldformed steel AISI Specification which uses the effective width method throughout, and (iii) the cold-formed steel Dir...

This study proposes a design procedure for the local buckling strength prediction of cold-formed steel (CFS) built-up I and box section columns based on Effective Width Method (EWM) Direct Strength (DSM). For this, ultimate sections made two plain unlipped channels is obtained using finite element (FE) analysis. First, some compression tests are performed to validate FE models. Then, detailed p...

Reducing the embodied and operational energy of buildings is a key priority for construction real estate sectors. It essential to prioritize materials technologies with low carbon footprints design new buildings. Off-site constructions systems are claimed have potential deliver build environment, but at present there lack data about their environmental impacts. This paper sheds lights on perfor...