1. I ntroduction 2. P artitioning of O2 and CO2 Exchange Across the Respiratory Surfaces 2.1. P rimitive Ray‐Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) 2.2. L obe‐Finned Fishes (Sarcopterygii) 2.3. J awless Fishes (Agnatha) 3. B lood O2 Transport 3.1. G eneral Principles of Hb Function 3.2. F actors AVecting the ArterioVenous O2 DiVerence 3.3. S urvey of Extant Primitive Fishes 4. T ransport and Eliminatio...

altitude either during physical maturation (at age 10±4 yr) or as adults (at age 26±4 yr). The relative degree of acclimatization achieved in these lowland residents was assessed through their comparison both with normal sea-level values and with two additional groups of short-term sojourners and natives to 3,100 m. DLco at rest and work was significantly elevated above normal and above sojourn...

This study aims to elucidate how respiratory rate (RR) patterns may affect respiratory gas exchange variables and performance during incremental intensity- exercise. 10 healthy young men (mean ± SD, age: 20.7 ± 0.5 years, height: 174.3 ± 5.7 cm, and body mass: 72.6 ± 10.4 kg) performed three incremental tests on a cycle ergometer at three different RR (60, 45 and 30 breaths per min) in each tri...

The field of pulmonary gas exchange is mature, with the basic principles developed more than 60 years ago. Arterial blood gas measurements (tensions and concentrations of O₂ and CO₂) constitute a mainstay of clinical care to assess the degree of pulmonary gas exchange abnormality. However, the factors that dictate arterial blood gas values are often multifactorial and complex, with six differen...

Mechanical characteristics and gas exchange inefficiencies of the lungs contribute to increased work of ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at rest and exercise, and the energy cost of ventilation is increased in COPD at any external work level. Assuming typical ventilatory variables and respiratory characteristics, we estimated the relative contributions of inspiratory ...

the objective of this work was to develop a new design of an intake manifold through a 1d simulation. it is quite familiar that a duly designed intake manifold is essential for the optimal performance of an internal combustion engine. air flow inside the intake manifold is one of the important factors, which governs the engine performance and emissions. hence the flow phenomenon inside the inta...

the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) on growth and physiological characteristics of seedlings corylus avellana were determined in a forest nursery. for this purpose, in a completely randomized design (crd) and four replicates, three putative bacteria, including pseudomonas putida, bacillus subtilis and enterobacter cloacae, as alone and mixed, were examined. the greatest h...

the objective of this work was to study the responses of two baby lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) cultivars, namely, green paris island and red sanguine, to different nacl concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 20 mm). the study was conducted in a floating system and plants were harvested at the stage of 5-6 leaves, outside leaf 6-10 cm in length (25 and 31 days after sowing for green and red lettuce, respe...