The Trade-off between Fertility and Education: Evidence from before the Demographic Transition The trade-off between child quantity and education is a crucial ingredient of unified growth models that explain the transition from Malthusian stagnation to modern growth. We present first evidence that such a trade-off indeed existed before the demographic transition, exploiting a unique census-base...

The ‘second phase’ of the energy transition involves large-scale rollout renewables, raising wider questions about arrangements for management and ownership such resources how costs benefits should be distributed. Ideas practices as ‘community energy’ ‘prosumption’ capture potential more decentralised systems control inherent in renewable technologies. However, until now, key biophysical (e.g.,...