Abstract This study evaluated shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI) and fracture mode of chemically mechanically retained ceramic brackets bonded with different composite resins irradiated CO2 laser. The null hypothesis was that laser would have similar SBS values. Ninety human premolars were divided into four experimental groups according to the combination type resin (Transb...

One of the most common areas of ceramic bracket fracture is within the tie-wing complex. When an archwire is ligated into position, tensile forces are placed under the tie wing. However, no study, to date, has focused specifically on the fracture resistance of the tie-wing complex. The aim of this study is to compare the tensile fracture strength of seven currently available ceramic brackets (I...

This paper seeks to illuminate and quantify a feature of natural evolution that correlates to our sense of its intuitive greatness: Natural evolution evolves impressive artifacts. Within artificial life, abstractions aiming to capture what makes natural evolution so powerful often focus on the idea of openendedness, which relates to boundless diversity, complexity, or adaptation. However, creat...