Conceptualizing procedural knowledge is one of the most challenging tasks of building systems for intelligent tutoring. We present a novel algorithm that enables teachers to accomplish this task (semi)automatically. Furthermore, it is desired to adapt the level of conceptualization to the skill level of particular students. We argue that our algorithm facilitates such adaptation in a straightfo...

Competence in many domains rests on children developing conceptual and procedural knowledge, as well as procedural flexibility. However, research on the developmental relations between these different types of knowledge has yielded unclear results, in part because little attention has been paid to the validity of the measures or to the effects of prior knowledge on the relations. To overcome th...

In this paper, the authors replicated previous work demonstrating that animating mechanical systems leads to more efficient knowledge acquisition and extended it by applying the same processes to human systems. Based on these data, it appears that using static images, rather than animated human relationships within a team structure, better supports learning of procedural and conceptual knowledg...

there have been many theories and paradigms trying to provideanswers to the challenge of the best method. after the rise of manycolorful language teaching methods, in postmethod era, it waspostulated that there is no magic formula to teach a foreign languagebut that a localized methodology based on learners and teachers’ experiencewill have suitable results. in this article, after investigating...

While research has generally shown that collaboration may facilitate student learning in mathematics, such positive effects are not always found. We argue that the effectiveness of collaboration may depend on the type of knowledge the instruction targets: The interaction with a partner can slow down students and may thus decrease the amount of practice necessary for procedural skill fluency. On...

language teacher assessment, like many aspects of second language teacher education, is changing. to understand factors that are driving the change, such as work of teaching generally, language teaching in particular, and the role of teachers’ knowledge in teaching, this study examined language teacher assessment schemes across the globe. the aim was to arrive at a set of shared beliefs, attitu...

The representation of the distribution of knowledge guides information gathering, help seeking, and communication. The research aimed to explore adults’ and 4-year-olds’ representation of the distribution of common (conventional and procedural) knowledge and expert knowledge associated with five occupations in their community. In addition, we examined estimates of occupation-related everyday (n...

There are a lot of examples of efficient intelligent tutoring systems for teaching procedural knowledge (ability to solve practical problems) in the formal fields such as geometry, algebra, and programming. However, there are considerable difficulties encountered in developing the systems aimed at giving procedural knowledge in a number of important, albeit imprecisely defined, fields as, for e...