in western countries such as united states data from 2002-2006 showed that at least 1.7 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury (tbi) each year. of those individuals, about 52,000 die, 275,000 are hospitalized, and 1.365 million are treated and released from an emergency department. in 2000, direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity of totaled an estimated $76.5 ...

traumatic brain injury (tbi) is one of the serious neurodisorders commonly caused by car accidents and sports. preventive measures are highly recommended to reduce the risk and number of tbi cases. after tbi, the primary injury to the brain initiates a secondary injury process that spreads via multiple molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of tbi. many studies in animals using cdna microarra...

objective: in the present study, we examined the effects of memantine administration within the nucleus accumbens on the alterations in brain and adrenal volumes and weight ratios induced by stress from electric foot shock. methods: a group of mice received various doses of memantine (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) prior to induction of stress. another group underwent intra-accumbal cannulation after an...

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the use of deep brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders has received great interest owing to the small risk of the operation, the reversible nature of the technique, and the possibility of optimizing treatment postoperatively. currently deep brain stimulation in psychiatry is investigated for obsessive-compulsive disorder, gilles de la tourette’s syndrome and major depression. this presentat...

the purpose of this study is to survey cross section changes of the animal brain samples during the tension and compression tests and comparison of the experimental results for three animals: bovine, sheep, and rabbit. a linear elastic theory with considering the necking in tension and barreling in compression has been considered for brain tissue. bridgman method for tension and cross section u...

radiation induced sarcoma is a rare but recognized complication of radiotherapy and is associated with poor prognosis, frequently occurs 5 years after completion of treatment. we report radiation-induced sarcoma in a 42 years old male, involving the left parietooccipital scalp region following treatment of brain tumor with craniotomy and post-operative radiation with 60co machine. diagnosis of ...

introduction: environmental pollution with heavy metals such as mercury is a major health problem. growing studies on the field have shown the deleterious effects of mercury on human and nonhuman nervous system, especially in infants, however the effects of prenatal exposure to mercuricchloride on cortical development are not yet well understood. the aim of this study was to investigate the eff...

introduction: cypermethrin causes its neurotoxic effect through voltage-dependent sodium channels and integral protein atpases in the neuronal membrane. brain and nerve damage are often associated with low residual level of pesticides. in vitro and in vivo studies have also shown that pesticides cause free radical-mediated tissue damage in brain. propolis has antioxidant properties. the main ch...