Diabetes is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in most parts of the world. 20 to 30% of diabetic patient have diabetic nephropathy in type 1 and type 2. Hyperglycemia is the key of nephropathy creation. Hyperglycemia also by production of toxic materials, advanced glycosylated end product (AGE), increased activity of aldose reductase has som...

abstract objectives: interruption of rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has become a leading therapeutic strategy in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy however, aceis and arbs do not uniformly suppress the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. plasma aldosterone levels are elevated in a group of patients despite therapy and this phenomenon known as aldosterone escape or aldosterone break...

AIMS The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and its risk factors have not been studied in a society known to have diabetes epidemic like Saudi Arabia. Using a large data base registry will provide a better understanding and accurate assessment of this chronic complication and its related risk factors. METHODOLOGY A total of 54,670 patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥ 25 years were selected fr...

We explored the associations of INSR and mTOR, 2 key genes in the insulin signaling pathway, and the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1799817, rs1051690, and rs2059806) in INSR and 3 SNPs (rs7211818, rs7212142, and rs9674559) in mTOR were genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX platform in 89 type 2 diabete...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The burden of nephropathy is unequally shared across patients with diabetes. The majority of the variability in incident nephropathy remains unaccounted for by conventional risk factors. There appears to be an inherited predisposition for diabetic nephropathy, but this does not follow simple Mendelian rules. Any inherited predisposition for nephropathy is far more complicated....

Diabetic nephropathy is the most important complication of diabetes, because it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for diabetic subjects. Since not all subjects with diabetes are at risk of developing this complication, we conducted a study to determine if heredity might be a possible risk factor for diabetic nephropathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Twenty-one factors including i...

Both metabolic and haemodynamic pathways impact on the progressionof diabetic nephropathy [1,2]. Chronic hyperglycaemia, advanced glycation end (AGE) products, increase of sorbitol, activation of protein kinase C (PKC), glomerular hypertension and genetic susceptibility have been identified as risk factors in the progression of diabetic nephropathy [2]. Moreover, infiltration of the diseased ki...

Diabetic nephropathy is clinically defined by the presence of persistent proteinuria of > 500 mg/day in a diabetic patient who has concomitant diabetic retinopathy and hypertension and in the absence of clinical or laboratory evidence of other kidney or renal tract disease. The presence of diabetic retinopathy is an important pre-requisite because in its absence, albuminuria in a Type 2 diabeti...

Coagulation and complement regulators belong to two interactive systems constituting emerging mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy. Thrombomodulin (TM) regulates both coagulation and complement activation, in part through discrete domains. TM's lectin like domain dampens complement activation, while its EGF-like domains independently enhance activation of the anti-coagulant and cytoprotective ser...

OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is a major contributing factor in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma heterozygous mice and Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARG exhibited increased resistance to oxidative stress. Smoking increases the production of reactive oxygen species, which accelerates oxidative stress under hyperglycemia. To determine whether the...