The influence of the blockade of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) by AIDA [(RS)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid] on some behavioral effects was tested in control groups of rats and in rats that underwent short-term hypoxia. We used the following methods: the open field test, the passive avoidance test and the elevated "plus" maze test. In rats without hypoxia, AIDA (100 nmol...

The influence of the blockade of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (I mGluRs) by AIDA on some behavioral effects of rats pretreated with baclofen, an agonist of GABA-B receptor, was investigated using behavioral tests: the open field, the passive avoidance response and the elevated "plus" maze. Baclofen, applied intraperitoneally (ip) at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg, increased the number of cros...

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether lithium modifies open-field and elevated plus maze behavior, and brain phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3 (P-GSK3beta) expression in Fmr1 knockout mice. METHODS One hundred and eighty FVB mice, including knockout and wild type, with an age of 30 days were used. An open-field and elevated plus maze was utilized to test behavior, while western blot was used to m...

The behavioral activity of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP), a selective antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5), was assesed in control groups of rats and in rats that underwent short-term hypoxia. MPEP applied intravenously (iv) at the dose of 1 mg/kg was tested using the open field test, the passive avoidance test and the elevated "plus" maze test. MPEP sig...

Neuroleptics are widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a late complication of prolonged neuroleptic treatment. Despite much research, the pathogenesis of TD remains elusive. It may be caused by loss of dopaminergic cells, due to free radicals as a product of high synaptic dopamine levels. Tardive dyskinesia has b...

Neuroleptics are widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a late complication of prolonged neuroleptic treatment. Despite much research, the pathogenesis of TD remains elusive. It may be caused by loss of dopaminergic cells, due to free radicals as a product of high synaptic dopamine levels. Tardive dyskinesia has b...

The present study was undertaken to investigate the beneficial effects of Atorvastatin and Simvastatin in cognitive dysfunctions of rats. Alprazolam, Scopolamine and high fat diet (HFD) induced amnesia served as interoceptive memory models where as, Water-maze and Elevated plus-maze served as exteroceptive models. A total of 38 groups of rats were used in this investigation. Escape latency time...

Rodents submitted to restraint stress show decreased activity in an elevated plus-maze (EPM) 24 h later. The objective of the present study was to determine if a certain amount of time is needed after stress for the development of these changes. We also wanted to verify if behavioral tolerance of repeated daily restraint would be detectable in this model. Male Wistar rats were restrained for 2 ...

This work describes a neural network model of the rat exploratory behavior in the elevated plus-maze, a test used to study anxiety. It involves three parameters: drive to explore; drive to avoid aversive stimuli; and spontaneous locomotor activity. Each network unit corresponds to a specific location in the maze and the connections, only between closest neighbors, represent the possible adjacen...

The traditional use of essential oils in aromatherapy has offered numerous health benefits. However, few scientific studies have been conducted with these oils to confirm their therapeutic efficacy. (+)-Limonene is a chemical constituent of various bioactive essential oils. The present study reports on the anxiolytic-like effects of (+)-limonene in an elevated maze model of anxiety in mice. At ...