An advantage of functionally graded materials (FGMs) over laminated composites is that material properties vary continuously in an FGM but are discontinuous across adjoining layers in laminated composites. Furthermore, in an FGM material, properties can be graded in all three directions which is more difficult to achieve in laminated composites. FGMs have been used for structural optimization, ...

Climate change is linked to changing precipitation, yet uncertainty remains as whether and how hydroclimatic changes will influence flood frequency, magnitude, timing. Part of this because few regional-scale studies have analyzed in floods produced by different mechanisms. We identify six generating mechanisms (FGMs) based on prominent meteorological processes moisture supply the soil column We...

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are multi-phase composites with gradual spatial variations of constituents. The compositional transitions in the FGMs classified into two manners such as continuous gradient and stepwise manners. In this study, zirconia (ZrO2)/ 304 stainless steel (SUS304) were fabricated by a combination centrifugal slurry methods spark plasma sintering (SPS). A variety pat...

Animal-borne video and environmental data collection systems (AVEDs) are an advanced form of biotelemetry that combines video with other sensors. As a proxy for physiological stress, we assessed fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) excretion in 7 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fitted with AVED dummy collars; 9 additional deer served as controls. We collected fecal samples over 3 2-...

This paper deals with the modeling and process planning of solid freeform fabrication (SFF) of 3D functionally graded materials (FGMs). A novel approach of representation and process planning of FGMs, termed as equal distance offset (EDO), is developed. In EDO, a neutral arbitrary 3D CAD model is adaptively sliced into a series of 2D layers. Within each layer, 2D material gradients are designed...

The goal of this research study is to examine, through the finite element method, efficiency using two-dimensional (2D) functionally graded materials (FGMs) in lowering elastic/thermoelastic stresses acting on cylinders. In 2D-FGMs, properties are assumed vary radial and tangential directions simultaneously, which rarely investigated literature. cylinder subjected asymmetric inner normal tracti...

In this work, we extend the recently proposed adaptive phase field method to model fracture in orthotropic functionally graded materials (FGMs). A recovery type error indicator combined with quadtree decomposition is employed for mesh refinement. The approach capable of capturing process a localized refinement that provides notable gains computational efficiency. implementation validated agains...

In this research, the analytical and numerical investigation of a cylindrical shell made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) reinforced by laminated composite subjected to internal pressure is presented. Using the infinitesimal theory of elasticity, the analytical solution of stress and strain in vessels made of FGMs is studied first. It is assumed that the elasticity modulus follows a powe...