BACKGROUND Research on interpersonal violence towards women has commonly focused on individual or proximate-level determinants associated with violent acts ignores the roles of larger structural systems that shape interpersonal violence. Though this research has contributed to an understanding of the prevalence and consequences of violence towards women, it ignores how patterns of violence are ...

This article offers new empirical data examining how Chinese children construct their understandings of heterosexuality and opposite-gender relationships with school peers. Gender differences separation between girls boys are commonly argued to be a ‘gender rule’ central children’s peer cultures at school. However, this is rarely explored from perspectives in China’s relatively conservative con...

In developing countries, whereas the urban bus network is a major part of public transportation system, it is necessary to try to find the best design and routing for bus network. Optimum design of school bus routes is very important. Non-optimal solutions for this problem may increase traveling time, fuel consumption, and depreciation rate of the fleet. A new bus routing problem is presented i...

Introduction There is still a paucity of studies exploring the impacts teenage employment on mental health and development. In many developing countries, youths participate intensively in labor force. The involvement adolescent world work would promote development responsibility prepare young person to function more effectively adult roles. Objectives purposes present study were examine separat...

BACKGROUND Adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD) has been identified recently, but there is a paucity of data about its prevalence and associated characteristics amongst anxiety patients. This study assessed the prevalence and risk factor profile associated with ASAD in an anxiety clinic. METHODS Clinical psychologists assigned 520 consecutive patients to DSM-IV adult anxiety subcategories...

Much research in the study of U.S. politics has argued that female candidates for elected office are treated differently—and often worse—than male candidates in the press and by the public. Although these patterns do not doom women to electoral failure, they raise a formidable series of obstacles that often complicate women’s path to elective office, slowing the move toward gender parity in rep...

This article discusses an under-researched group and provides an analytical overview of the comparative experiences of African, Indian and Coloured doctors at South African universities during the apartheid era. It probes diversity of experience in training and practice as well as gendered differentiation amongst black students before going on to discuss the careers and political activism of bl...