We study how 3,534 beneficiaries of PROSPERA, Mexico's cash transfer program, smooth food consumption around the payday, an anticipated and transitory income shock. find that security do not change including for recipients with impatient or time-inconsistent preferences households higher than median dependence. Conversely, health employment shocks (unexpected less changes) reduce security. The ...

It is well known that households in developing countries often experience weather-related and other shocks that drastically affect incomes. A large and growing literature explores the ef®cacy of ex ante and ex post responses to these events. One strand examines how households respond to these shocks. Three studies that exemplify work in this area are Udry (1990) on credit as insurance, Fafchamp...

We present a new empirical strategy for testing if financial integration improves risk sharing opportunities and consumption smoothing. Our test is based on a decomposition of the variance of consumption growth into a component that depends on the variance of permanent income shocks and one that depends on the variance of transitory shocks. We then test if the process of financial market integr...

5.1 INTRODUCTION Can banking systems become less skewed towards those already better off in developing countries? Although this question has become an important item on the overall development agenda, there is still no rigorous analysis of the policies aimed at expanding financial services into largely unbanked areas (with the exception of microfinance) and their actual impact on inclusion. Ane...

Income smoothing is one way that companies do to manipulate company profit if fluctuates, investors will think again invest in the company, this trigger practice of income smoothing. One example a manufacturing banking sub-sector. This study aims analyze and test debt equity ratio, return on assets, size bonus plan earnings management. The population used sub-sector listed Indonesia Stock Excha...