We consider budget constrained combinatorial auctions where bidder i has a private value vi for each of the items in some set Si, agent i also has a budget constraint bi. The value to agent i of a set of items R is |R ∩ Si| · vi. Such auctions capture adword auctions, where advertisers offer a bid for those adwords that (hopefully) reach their target audience, and advertisers also have budgets....

We present a methodology to model water, heat, and dissolved oxygen budgets on short time scales within a shallow estuarine environment using limited local water quality and climatic data. A tidally restricted eutrophic pond in Elkhorn Slough, California, experiences extreme diel dissolved oxygen (DO) variations during warm sunny days and neap tidal cycles. Empirical relationships between biolo...

Accurately estimating daily mean ecosystem respiration rate (Re) is important for understanding how ecosystem carbon budgets will respond to climate change. Usually, daily mean Re is represented by measurement using static chamber on alpine meadow ecosystems from 9:00 to 11:00 h a.m. local time directly. In the present study, however, we found that the calculated daily mean Re from 9:00 to 11:0...

Open-cast lignite mining is causing large-scale and long-term disturbance, resulting in a destruction of existing ecosystems and creation of landscapes formed by overburden spoil piles. Overburden sediments can largely differ from parent geological material of previously existing and undisturbed sites. It is expected that new soils and ecosystems will develop from overburden sediments with elem...

19 Coral reefs play a critical role in coastline protection and support fisheries and tourism. Maintaining 20 these ecosystem services requires, as a minimum, positive biological carbonate budgets, whereby 21 rates of carbonate production exceed erosion. Coral bleaching and associated mortality events, 22 which are predicted to become more frequent and intense, can rapidly diminish carbonate 23...

BACKGROUND Public sector austerity measures in many high-income countries mean that public health budgets are reducing year on year. To help inform the potential impact of these proposed disinvestments in public health, we set out to determine the return on investment (ROI) from a range of existing public health interventions. METHODS We conducted systematic searches on all relevant databases...

Currently, in economics there is no single, well-established point of view on the number functions performed by tax. At same time, all researchers are unanimous their opinion that main function fiscal function, according to which revenue base budgets levels formed at expense taxes. All other functions: stimulating, regulating, etc. closely related function. This taxes used state development tax...

This paper provides basic materials for considering the sustainability of natural resource development in Arctic, taking Sakha Republic as a case study Russian Arctic regions. The author clarifies contribution mining industry to economic with special attention paid government budgets by numerical and statistical analysis regional municipal data. demonstrates that has been driving force growth o...