Abstract: Bi-level programming, a tool for modeling decentralized decisions, consists of the objective(s) of the leader at its first level and that is of the follower at the second level. Three level programming results when second level is itself a bi-level programming. By extending this idea it is possible to define multi-level programs with any number of levels. Supply chain planning problem...

  Bi-level programming, a tool for modeling decentralized decisions, consists of the objective(s) of the leader at its first level and that is of the follower at the second level. Three level programming results when second level is itself a bi-level programming. By extending this idea it is possible to define multi-level programs with any number of levels. Supply chain planning problems are co...

Model building is a fragile and complex process especially in the context of real cases. Each real case problem has its own characteristics with new concepts and conditions. A correct model should have some essential characteristics such as: being compatible with real conditions, being of sufficient accuracy, being logically traceable and etc. This paper discusses how to build an efficient mode...

Short time-to-market and low costs of projects require effective and efficient management of projects. As progress in projects is not always as what is foreseen and because new projects need to be started up all of a sudden during the year due to fast changing results managing multiple projects simultaneously is essential. Management of projects in multiproject environments is difficult and oft...