The fact that characters may co-vary in organism groups because of shared ancestry and not always because of functional correlations was the initial rationale for developing phylogenetic comparative methods. Here we point out a case where similarity due to shared ancestry can produce an undesired effect when conducting an independent contrasts analysis. Under special circumstances, using a low ...

Pharmacological perioperative brain neuroprotection: a qualitative review of randomized clinical trials. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110: i113–20 17. Brucken A, Cizen A, Fera C, et al. Argon reduces neurohistopathological damage and preserves functional recovery after cardiac arrest in rats. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110: i106–12 18. Lobo N, Yang B, Rizvi M, Ma D. Hypothermia and xenon: novel noble guardians i...

In many brain regions, synchronous neural activity causes a rapid rise in extracellular pH. In the CA1 region of hippocampus, this population alkaline transient (PAT) enhances responses from postsynaptic, pH-sensitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Recently, we showed that the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA), a ubiquitous transporter that exchanges internal Ca(2+) for external H(+)...

The double-ring chaperonin GroEL mediates protein folding, in conjunction with its helper protein GroES, by undergoing ATP-induced conformational changes that are concerted within each heptameric ring. Here we have examined whether the concerted nature of these transitions is responsible for protein substrate release in an all-or-none manner. Two chimeric substrates were designed, each with two...

This note studies the optimal inspection policies in a supply chain in which a manufacturer purchases components from a supplier but has no direct control of component quality. The manufacturer uses an inspection policy and a damage cost sharing contract to encourage the supplier to improve the component quality. We find that all-or-none inspection policies are optimal for the manufacturer if t...

There is a possibility for a role of biofilms in the pathogenesis and chronicity of atopic dermatitis, plaque psoriasis, Lyme disease and tinea versicolor. In atopic dermatitis, plaque psoriasis and Lyme disease, there is evidence to suggest that biofilm-mediated Toll-like-receptor 2 recruitment and activation of the MyD88 pathway is essential. There is also evidence to suggest involvement of t...

Japan Recently, it has been confirmed that long duplex DNA molecules with sizes larger than several tens of kilo-base pairs (kbp), exhibit a discrete conformational transition from an elongated coil state to a compact globule state upon the addition of various kinds of chemical species that usually induce DNA condensation. In this study, we performed a single-molecule observation on a ____________

The following Standard ML code can be used for solving constraint systems. The code assumes that phase 1 described earlier has been performed during constraint generation. The imperative aspects of Standard ML have been used a lot and we believe that this must be done for the complexity analysis to hold. For readability we have used standard list notation for the dependency lists although our c...

We document a seemingly unique case of severe prosopagnosia, L. R., who suffered damage to his anterior and inferior right temporal lobe as a result of a motor vehicle accident. We systematically investigated each of three factors associated with expert face recognition: fine-level discrimination, holistic processing, and configural processing (Experiments 1-3). Surprisingly, L. R. shows preser...

The nitrogen starvation response in Escherichia coli is characterized by the enhanced expression of Ntr regulon, comprising hundreds of genes including the one coding for nitrogen-assimilating glutamine synthetase (GS) enzyme. The biosynthesis and activity of GS is regulated mainly by nitrogen and carbon levels in the cell and monitored by three functionally separable interconnected modules. He...