Introduction: There is currently a debate over the interaction between Ca2+ channels and cannabinoid system on learning and memory processing. In this study, we examined the effect of acute injection of cannabinoid agonist (Win- 55212-2) (Win) or antagonist (AM251), following chronic injection of verapamil, as a L-type Ca2+ channels blocker, on passive avoidance (PA) test in male Wistar rats...

This study aimed at investigating the difference of integrated writing task of the TOFEL iBT candidates in comparison with independent writing task on Iranian EFL learners writing performance. The initial population for the study was 50 junior EFL students. To get more homogeneity, participants were selected among those who were studying in the third year of university in EFL major. They were m...

Designing appropriate materials and activities to enhance vocabulary learning is one of the primary goals of language courses. Among the claims about efficient pedagogical tasks is the Involvement Load Hypothesis (Laufer & Hulstijn, 2001) according to which vocabulary development is contingent on the amount of cognitive process a task involves. Building on the previous research on this hypothes...

there is no doubt that augmented feedback has an important role in improvinglearning. however, it is the content of the feedback which is challenging. the aimof the present study was to examine the effect of feedback on successful versusunsuccessful trials on simple and complex tracking tasks. for this purpose, 48undergraduate right-handed male and female students of hakim sabzevari teachertrai...

We report findings that help us better understand the difficulty of tasks which involve information seeking, retrieving, gathering, and use. We examined the data gathered from two interactive information retrieval user studies on how users’ perception of task difficulty changes before and after searching for information to solve tasks, and how the difficulty of tasks relates with users’ backgro...