The study of interactions between neuroendocrinology and immunology, or immunoendocrinology, is a recent field with the majority its development in last 30 years that involves communication nervous, endocrine, immune systems. Homeostasis, development, aging, metabolism, infection, inflammation are all influenced by cross talk these systems via hormones, cytokines, neurotransmitters. nervous sys...

The presence of a 'low T3 syndrome' in the setting of nonthyroidal illness has long been recognized as the 'euthyroid sick syndrome', with the recommendation to observe and not treat with thyroid hormone replacement therapy. That approach has recently been challenged in the setting of critical cardiac illness. Research demonstrating that thyroid hormone therapy may improve hemodynamic parameter...

A cell surface receptor for thyroid hormone that activates extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 has been identified on integrin αvβ3. We have examined the actions of thyroid hormone initiated at the integrin on human NCI-H522 non-small cell lung carcinoma and NCI-H510A small cell lung cancer cells. At a physiologic total hormone concentration (10(-7) M), T(4) significantly increased prolife...

Thyroid hormone , secreted by thyroid gland have a profound effects on the lipid metabolism. It exerts its action mainly by its genomic action. It diffuses from the extracellular fluid across the plasma membrane and go directly into the nucleus. The cognate receptor binds to the thyroid hormone response element [TRE].It regulates the gene expression of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism b...

Physiological changes during gestation are important to be aware of in measurement and interpretation of thyroid function tests in women with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Thyroid autoimmune activity is decreasing in pregnancy. Measurement of serum TSH is the first-line screening variable for thyroid dysfunction also in pregnancy. However, using serum TSH for control of treatment of maternal thy...

Thyroid hormones exert their effects through alpha (TRα1) and beta (TRβ1 and TRβ2) receptors. Here we describe a child with classic features of hypothyroidism (growth retardation, developmental retardation, skeletal dysplasia, and severe constipation) but only borderline-abnormal thyroid hormone levels. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a de novo heterozygous nonsense mutation in a ge...

An important physiological control of the glycoprotein hormone a-subunit is the negative feedback by thyroid hormones in the thyrotrope. A region of the rat glycoprotein hormone a-subunit gene that is involved in transcriptional regulation by thyroid hormone has been identified by transient transfection studies, and sequence-specific binding of the thyroid hormone receptor to a site within this...

introduction: fasting during the holy month of ramadan is an obligation for all adult, healthy muslims. as several studies have indicated, both fasting and energy restriction can alter thyroid hormone metabolism and affect the clinical features and well-being of hypothyroid patients. hypothyroidism is more prevalent among women and the elderly. its prevalence has been reported to be 4-8% of the...

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a disease in which the body interprets the thyroid glands and its hormone products triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) as threats, therefore producing special antibodies that target the thyroid’s cells, thereby destroying it. It presents with hypothyroidism (low production of thyroid hormone) or hyperthyroidism (excessi...