Thyroid hormone is essential for mammalian brain development, but the mechanisms by which thyroid hormone exerts its effects, the developmental processes affected, and the timing of thyroid hormone effects are poorly understood. An important question is whether thyroid hormone of maternal origin is essential in guiding fetal brain development. In both humans and rats, thyroid hormone of materna...

Thyroid hormone receptor acts as a hormone-dependent transcriptional transactivator and as a transcriptional repressor in the absence of thyroid hormone. Specifically, thyroid hormone receptor can repress retinoic acid-induced gene expression through interactions with retinoic acid receptor. (Retinoic acid is a potent teratogen in the frog Xenopus laevis, acting at early embryonic stages to int...

During illness changes in thyroid hormone metabolism occur, collectively known as the non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). NTIS is characterised by low serum thyroid hormone levels without the expected rise in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, indicating a major change in thyroid hormone feedback regulation. Recent studies have made clear that during NTIS differential changes in thyroid horm...

Recent clinical studies indicate that thyroid hormone plays essential roles in fetal brain development. However, the mechanism by which thyroid hormone affects fetal brain development is poorly studied. We recently identified several genes expressed in the fetal cortex whose abundance is affected by thyroid hormone of maternal origin. However, it is unclear whether these genes are directly regu...

dimethoate (organophosphate insecticide) and lambda-cyhalothrin (synthetic pyrithroid) aretwo frequently used pesticides due to their high effectiveness and rapid breakdown into environmentally safeproducts. the aim of this present study was to assess and compare the acute toxicity of dimethoate(rogor30%ec) and lambda-cyhalothrin (5%ec) on labeo rohita (hamilton). acute toxicity bioassay wascar...

background :subclinical hypothyroidism may adversely affect in vitro fertilization (ivf) outcomes. however the cutoff of thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) for diagnosis and treatment is controversal. the aim of this study was to find the association of clinical pregnancy rate with regard to tsh levels in women undergoing ivf.   methods: a historical cohort study of 816 infertile patients who un...

Thyroid hormone is essential for proper brain development since it acts on processes such as neuronal migration and differentiation, myelination and synaptogenesis. In this review, we summarize the consequences of thyroid hormone deficiency for brain development with special focus on the cerebellum, an important target of thyroid action. In addition, we discuss the role of iodothyronine deiodin...

An 11 year old female presents with a 6-week history of double and blurred vision associated headaches neck swelling. Thyroid function tests demonstrated antibody negative hypothyroidism. In addition, connective tissue disorder screening was negative. The patient commenced on thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine).

BACKGROUND Graves' disease is an autoimmune thyroid disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism, and patients exhibit thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody. The major methods of measuring circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody include the thyroid-stimulating hormone-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin assays. Although the diagnostic accuracy of these assays has been impro...

background and objective: endocrine disorders are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd). the aim of the present study is reviewing available literature to give a deep understanding of complexities of endocrine disorders in chronic kidney disease. methods: a narrative reviewing method based on the available literature was approached. findings: generally, when renal function decrea...