To justify substantial emission reductions, recent literature on cost-benefit analysis of climate change suggests discounting environment consumption with an environmental discount rate instead of a consumption discount rate that is usually used in cost-benefit analysis. The present study clarifies that whether or not this dual-rate discounting approach succeeds in justifying substantial emissi...

Cost-effectiveness analysis is used to compare proposed cholesterol control programs. The analysis employs estimates of such biologic variables as effect of diet on cholesterol level, stability of level, and change in morbidity with level. Sensitivity analysis identifies the biologic and behavioral uncertainties that most critically affect policy choices. At a discount rate of 5%, a cholesterol...

Let us assume that the purpose of any movement is to position our body in a more rewarding state. People and other animals discount future reward as a function of time. Recent results suggest that there is a correlation between changes in this reward temporal discount function and changes in saccadic velocity and duration. These results suggest that each movement carries a cost because its dura...

In this paper, we develop a freight transportation model for railway network considering hazmat transportation issue. In the transportation system considered, different customers can request for carrying hazmat and non- hazmat boxes. It is assumed that the sequence of the trains in the network is known. The objective is assigning the non-hazmat boxes and hazmat boxes to wagons of the trains so ...

By incorporating the probability distribution directly into the analysis, this paper proposes a new theoretical approach to resolving the perennial dilemma of being uncertain about what discount rate to use in cost-benefit analysis. A numerical example is constructed from the results of a survey based on the opinions of 2,160 economists. The main finding is that even if every individual believe...

The inventory models analyzed in this paper explore the problem in which the lead time and ordering cost reductions are inter-dependent in the continuous review inventory model with backorder price discount. The objective is to minimize total related cost by simultaneously optimizing the order quantity, reorder point, lead time and backorder price discount. Moreover, we assume that the mean and...

Waste collection and transportation is considered as the most costly stage of waste management, to the extent that more than 70% of the total waste management costs are related to this sector. The aim of this study was to analyze the cost of the waste collection and transportation system of the 5th district of Tabriz, Iran, in 2015. For this purpose, the maps of collection routes and locations ...