OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to assess the local cost savings resulting from community water fluoridation, given current exposure levels to other fluoride sources. METHODS Adopting a societal perspective and using a discount rate of 4 percent, we compared the annual per person cost of fluoridation with the cost of averted disease and productivity losses. The latter was the produ...

centralizing and using proper transportation facilities cut down costs and traffic. hub facilities concentrate on flows to cause economic advantage of scale and multimodal transportation helps use the advantage of another transporter. a distinctive feature of this paper is proposing a new mathematical formulation for a three-stage p-hub location routing problem with simultaneous pick-ups and de...

In this thesis we examine how fuel price variation affects the optimal mix of services in intercity transportation. Towards this end, we make two main contributions. The first is the development of an analytic total logistics cost model of intercity transportation, which is sensitive to fuel price and incorporates multiple classes of vehicles serving passengers with differentiated values of tim...

In today's fast marketing over the Internet or online, many retailers want to trade at the same time and change their marketing strategy to attract more customers. Some of the customers may decide to cancel their orders partially with a retailer due to various reasons such as increase in customer's waiting time, loss of customer's goodwill on retailer's business, and attractive promotional sche...

OBJECTIVES In the standard economic model of evaluation, constant discount rates devalue the long term health benefits of prevention strongly. This study shows that it is unlikely that this reflects societal preference. DESIGN A thought experiment in a cause elimination life table calculates savings of eliminating cardiovascular disease from the Dutch population. A cost effectiveness analysis...

Selecting suppliers and allocating orders scientifically rationally not only have important theoretical value but also extremely practical significance to enterprises. This study proposes an improved multicycle integration method that can effectively determine the optimal number of under premise considering risk supply interruption transaction costs may be caused by various uncertain factors. T...

background: in order to extend hbv immunization to twenty-five-year old adolescents, ministry of health and medical education (moh & me) in iran has decided to implement hbv mass vaccination campaign for adolescents who were born from 1989 to 1992. the first three-round campaign covering 1989 born adolescents was implemented in 2007 in iran. this study was conducted for cost estimation and anal...

The solid transportation problem considers the supply, the demand and the conveyance satisfying the transportation requirement in a cost-effective manner. This paper develops a method that is able to derive the fuzzy objective value of the fuzzy solid transportation problem when the cost coefficients, the supply and demand quantities, conveyance capacities are fuzzy numbers and additional const...

2. Offer Patient Discounts Only to Self-Pay Patients Discounts, such as prompt-pay and cash-up-front discounts, should not be given to insured patients in Wisconsin. Interestingly, the federal AKS allows legitimate discounts reflecting actual savings to the provider.5 However, such discounts would be considered a reduction or elimination of cost-sharing amounts, which are prohibited by Wis. Sta...

Industry environment has become competitive because of product’s short life cycle. Competition reaches to extreme, when products are deteriorating which further makes demand uncertain. Generally, in deriving the solution of economic order quantity (EOQ) inventory model, the authors consider the demand rate as constant quantity. But in real life, demand cannot be forecasted precisely which cause...