The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the topic of deterministic vehicle routing problem (VRP) and to give a review on the exact and approximate solution techniques. More specifically the approximate (meta-heuristic) solution techniques are classified into: tabu search, simulated annealing, genetic algorithm, evolutionary algorithm, hybrid algorithm, and Ant Colony Opti...

The nonlinear dynamical system modeling the immobilized enzyme kinetics with Michaelis-Menten mechanism for an irreversible reaction without external mass transfer resistance is considered. Laplace transform homotopy perturbation method is used to obtain the approximate solution of the governing nonlinear differential equation, which consists in determining the series solution convergent to the...

‎In this paper we propose a method for computing approximations of solution of fuzzy fractional differential equations using fuzzy variational iteration method. Defining a fuzzy fractional derivative, we verify the utility of the method through two illustrative ‎examples.‎

We consider linear least squares problems, or linear systems that can be formulated into least squares problems, of very large dimension, such as those arising for example in dynamic programming (DP) and inverse problems. We introduce an associated approximate problem, within a subspace spanned by a relatively small number of basis functions, and solution methods that use simulation, importance...

We investigate the hard nonresonant excitation of the forced Duffing equation with a positive damping parameter E. Using the symbolic manipulation system MACSYMA, a computer algebra system. we derive the two term perturbation expansion by the method of multiple time scales. The resulting approximate solution is valid for small values of the coefficient e As the damping parameter e increases, th...

In this paper a numerical method for solving second order fuzzy differential equations under generalized differentiability is proposed. This method is based on the interpolating a solution by piecewise polynomial of degree 4 in the range of solution. Moreover we investigate the existence, uniqueness and convergence of approximate solutions. Finally the accuracy of piecewise approximate method b...

In this paper, a method for finding an approximate solution of a class of two-dimensional nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the first-kind is proposed. This problem is transformedto a nonlinear two-dimensional Volterra integral equation of the second-kind. The properties ofthe bivariate shifted Legendre functions are presented. The operational matrices of integrationtogether with the produ...

in this paper, an analytical method called the parametric iteration method (pim) is presented for solving the second-order singular ivps of lane-emden type, and its local convergence is discussed. since it is often useful to have an approximate analytical solution to describe the lane-emden type equa- tions, especially for ones where the closed-form solutions do not exist at all, therefore, an ...