APEC Study Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand     Abstract:   One of the key sets of questions underlying Asia Pacific economic cooperation over the last decade has been over the nature and form of the regional trade architecture that would gradually emerge from the turmoil of the Asia-Pacific “noodle bowl” of bilateral and plurilateral FTAs, and how that architecture...

Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are agreements among a set of countries involving preferential treatment of bilateral trade between any two parties to the agreement relative to their trade with the rest of the world. Preferences, however, need not extend to all trade between the two, and the coverage could depend on the type of PTAs. Customs unions and the so-called free trade areas are co...

To explore the concept of connectivity and trade relativity (CTR), this paper presents a research model to illustrate: (1) the impact of shipping connectivity on two types of trade flows, and (2) the mediating effect of intra-regional trade (“intra-trade”) on the relationship between shipping connectivity and extra-regional trade (“extra-trade”). Understanding the relationships among shipping c...

147 Politics is the final, and perhaps the most influential, frame of reference in analysing how knowledge is acquired in Arab countries. As emphasised earlier, the vitality of a knowledge system depends on the political environment in which it grows. Among the most important conditions are intellectual freedom and diversity protected by the rule of law, other institutional foundations of good ...

Sharks play an important role in marine ecosystems as top predators and have been increasingly accepted recent years a group for priority conservation worldwide. However, one of the regions with highest shark species richness, there is still limited understanding diversity patterns needs China Association Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) seas. In this study, we applied ensemble distribution mode...

The article discusses economic cooperation between Indonesia and Russia, as well the possibility of entering Eurasian market. is recognized largest economy Association Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) leader countries with high rates growth. growth regional expected to support global stability. Russia an unconventional market for Indonesia's main goods in region, so Indonesian can be found quite...

Editorials 775 If the Association of SouthEast Asian Nations (ASEAN) were one country, its gross domestic product would be the seventh largest in the world. 1 The launch of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015 will reduce tariffs, increase the flow of goods, services, labour and capital between the Association's member states, and lead to greater economic integration and improved economic outco...

This paper features the integration of trade among five founding member countries ASEAN during period 2001-2019. To measure relations between two countries, a variety statistical indicators are available, but in this intensity index is applied. As general rule, when country’s imports and exports observed to be more than one with trading partner, then it indicates high degree association them. T...

The FIT policy are widely adopted in the world to promote utilization of renewable energy technology (RET). Tariff rates, tariff regression mechanisms, contract term, and quota constraints all components policy. This has also been by Association Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN countries optimize their (RE) potential. paper examines RET power generation under from perspective growth energy, env...