Based on the careful analysis of the reading process and the thorough comparison of the three approaches to reading (the bottom-up approach, the top-down approach and the interactive approach), this paper focuses on the interactive approach to teaching English reading in college. It suggests that during the reading process, the focus should be put both on decoding the meaning of the text and on...

This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that some of the items included in the Canadian Language Benchmarks Assessment Reading Subtest favour certain cultural groups. For example, it was posited that Mandarin speakers, who have a tendency to use bottom-up, local reading strategies, would perform better on particular questions than Arabic speakers, who tend to use topdown, global readin...

this study is aimed at investigating the general foreign language classroom anxiety levels of iranian university students through administering horwitz scale (flcas) in addition to examining their reading anxiety through replicating saito’s reading comprehension anxiety scale (flras). the researchers further checked the former by developing and performing a new five–point likert type questionna...

Models of the reading process generally describe the relations among the components of reading in skilled readers. In these models, the relations between bottom-up word recognition processes (lower order processes) and top-down comprehension processes (higher order processes) are typically described. In bottom-up models of reading, processing starts with the raw input and passes through increas...

this study sought to explore the possible relationship between reading anxiety and reading proficiency and also between reading anxiety and language learners’ use of reading strategies. the majority of studies on language anxiety have been quantitative to date. this study was conducted in two phases. the first phase was quantitative, and the second consisted of a series of case studies using in...

This study sought to explore the possible relationship between reading anxiety and reading proficiency and also between reading anxiety and language learners’ use of reading strategies. The majority of studies on language anxiety have been quantitative to date. This study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was quantitative, and the second consisted of a series of case studies using in...

Models of anxiety disorders posit that information processing biases towards threat may result from an imbalance between top-down attentional control processes and bottom-up attentional processes, such that anxiety could reduce the influence of the former and increase the influence of the latter. However, researchers have recently pointed to limitations of the top-down/bottom-up terminology and...