This paper discusses how to change English-as-a-Second. Language reading instruction within Japanese senior high schools into communication, or interaction between students and the text. It focuses on the use of top-down skills to increase reading comprehension, noting that Japanese teachers tend to naturally emphasize bottom-up skills and neglect top-down skills. Four chapters look at the foll...

The goal of the present study is to understand the role orthographic and semantic information play in the behavior of skilled readers. Reading latencies from a self-paced sentence reading experiment in which Russian near-synonymous verbs were manipulated appear well-predicted by a combination of bottom-up sublexical letter triplets (trigraphs) and top-down semantic generalizations, modeled usin...

BACKGROUND The patient package insert, an information leaflet included by law in the packaging of prescription drugs, contains information for the user on the specific medication. OBJECTIVES To explore how patient information leaflets influence patient anxiety and adherence. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted in the practices of 15 family physicians. All patients receiving a n...

participatory conservation, as bottom-up management, is currently the most acceptable modelfor management of protected areas across the world. social context is a central issue in the sustainablemanagement of conservation areas. it is also crucial to introducing participatory conservation. the newapproach therefore recognizes rural communities as key partners in biodiversity management and seek...

use of nano-materials has increased in various aspects of human life. however, possible outbreak of nano-materials toxicity in humans and other organisms is one of the future challenges. different chemical precursors which are used in chemical approaches for production of nano-materials may have secondary and sometimes toxic effects in living organisms. these secondary effects may be reduced in...

This article sets out to examine the effect of utilizing different culturally-based materials on EFL university students' foreign language reading anxiety, reading comprehension self-efficacy, and reading proficiency within project-based classes. The research was carried out with two classes of intermediate freshmen majoring in English Language Teaching. The comparison group had to present thei...

Foreign Language Reading Anxiety (FLRA), distinguished as a distinct phenomenon from general language anxiety, has been shown to have a negative impact on reading comprehension skill especially for less proficient EFL learners. FLRA is believed to originate from "unfamiliar writing system" or learners' difficulty in pronouncing words and sentences (Saito, Graza, & Horwitz, 1999). Slow or word b...

This paper reports the results of a study designed to investigate the interrelationship of Foreign Language Reading Anxiety (FLRA), Reading Proficiency (RP) and Text Feature Awareness (TFA). The aim was to focus on how foreign language reading anxiety and text feature awareness are related and how, in turn, they affect students reading proficiency. That is, it south to determine how these three...

OBJECTIVE To examine psychiatric morbidity and functional impairment of adolescents with and without poor reading skills during mid- to late adolescence. METHOD The sample consisted of 188 adolescents, 94 with poor reading skills and 94 with typical reading skills, screened from a larger sample in the public schools at age 15. To assess psychiatric disorders, participants were assessed annual...

Anxiety is characterized by the anticipation of aversive future events. The importance of prestimulus anticipatory factors, such as goals and expectations, is well-established in both visual perception and attention. Nevertheless, the prioritized perception of threatening stimuli in anxiety has been attributed to the automatic processing of these stimuli and the role of prestimulus factors has ...