Executive functioning is supposed to have an important role in decision making under risk. Several studies reported that more advantageous decision-making behavior was accompanied by better performance in tests of executive functioning and that the decision-making process was accompanied by activations in prefrontal and subcortical brain regions associated with executive functioning. However, t...

Many real-life decision-making problems incorporate higher-order structure, involving interdependencies between different stimuli, actions, and subsequent rewards. It is not known whether brain regions implicated in decision making, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), use a stored model of the task structure to guide choice (model-based decision making) or merely learn action or...

Earlier studies have demonstrated that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with aberrant sensitivity to rewards and punishments. Although some studies have focused on real-life decision making in children with ADHD using the Iowa gambling task, the number of good deck choices, a frequently used index of decision-making ability in the gambling task, is insufficient for ...

Researchers and clinicians frequently use behavioral measures to assess decision making. The most common task that is marketed to clinicians is the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), thought to assess risky decision making. How does performance on the IGT relate to performance on other common measures of decision making? The present study sought to examine relationships between the IGT, the Balloon Anal...

Some healthy older adults show departures from standard decision-making patterns exhibited by younger adults. We asked if such departures are uniform or if heterogeneous aging processes can designate which older adults show differing decision patterns. Thirty-three healthy older adults with varying decision-making patterns on a complex decision task (the Iowa Gambling Task) completed an interte...

Recent neuropsychological research indicates that patients with pathological gambling (PG) exhibit deficits in laboratory tasks of decision-making which are suggested to be associated with neurochemical alterations within the prefrontal cortex. Some studies also revealed that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in gamblers is altered. To date, very little is known about the relationshi...

OBJECTIVES To assess decision-making under explicit risk conditions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and its relationship to decisions made under conditions of ambiguity. To assess cognitive functions related to decision-making performance in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). SETTING MS center in Buenos Aires, Argentina. PARTICIPANTS 27 patients with relapsing-remitti...

One of the environmental issues in urban planning is finding a suitable site for constructing infrastructures such as water and wastewater treatment plants. There are numerous factors to be considered for this purpose, which make decision-making a complex task. We used an integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model to select a suitable site for establishing wastewater treatment plan...

AIMS To analyse problem gamblers' decision-making under conditions of risk and ambiguity, investigate underlying psychological factors associated with their choice behaviour and examine whether decision-making differed in strategic (e.g., sports betting) and non-strategic (e.g., electronic gaming machine) problem gamblers. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Out-patient treatment centres ...

the present study was conducted to compare the effect of individual and group pre-task planning on efl learners’ accuracy and complexity in speaking. to fulfill the purpose of the study, 60 intermediate female learners at the first grade of high school were chosen by means of a sample preliminary english test (pet) and randomly divided into two experimental groups of 30 students; the individual...