One of the fundamental problems in the classic DEA is lack of ability to distinguish unit's performance scores that is considered as a disadvantage. Recently, Parkan et al. [9] tried to address this problem.   They proposed to assess each unit both optimistic and pessimistic views are taken into account. In contrast to traditional evaluation, one index is considered for each unit based on the l...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a linear programming based methodology to determine the relative performance efficiencies of homogeneous decision making units (DMUs). In real world applications, some input and output datas do not possess crisp/fuzzy essence but they possess intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) essence. So, in this study, we develop an IF BCC (IFBCC) and an IF super efficiency BCC (IFSE...

the mechanism of the genesis and development of obesity is not yet known. in particular, it is not known whether the main reason is and increase in energetic efficiency, i.e. better utilization of food consumed, or hyperplasia. this study was undertaken to throw some light on this subject. obesity was produced by chemical methods, i.e. by injections of gold-thioglucose and mono-sodium glutamate...

Spectral efficiency is a measure of the performance of channel coding methods. It refers to the ability of a given channel encoding method to utilize bandwidth efficiently. It is defined as the average number of bits per unit of time (bit rate) that can be transmitted per unit of bandwidth (bits per second per Hertz). The term channel encoding refers to the procedure of mapping a bit stream to ...

The fields of engineering and management associate efficiency with how well a relevant action is performed, i.e. ‘‘doing things right’’, and effectiveness with selecting the best action, i.e. ‘‘doing the right thing’’. Thus, a firm is effective if identifies appropriate strategic goals, and efficient if it achieves them with minimal resources. This chapter focuses on operational efficiency, or ...

Shannon’s theory of information stands on a probabilistic representation of events that convey information, e.g., sending messages over a communication channel. Kolmogorov argues that information is a more fundamental concept which exists also in problems with no underlying stochastic model, for instance, the information contained in an algorithm or in the genome. In a classic paper he defines ...