Abstract This article presents a measure of the efficiency consequences changes to tax policies that inform wide range law debates. Building upon recent extensions “elasticity taxable income” concept, we clarify relationship among revenue effects, administrative costs, and compliance costs. The resulting measure—the behavioral elasticity (BETR)—captures change in total resources from marginal r...

BACKGROUND We previously reported the arterial elasticity value we measured to reflect the characteristic features of vessel walls, and to possibly be useful for detecting early stage atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. Obesity, especially visceral adiposity, is well known to play a crucial role in the development of metabolic disorders and atherosclerosis. To assess whether arterial elasticity...

BACKGROUND While skin resurfacing using pulsed carbon dioxide lasers appears to have a skin-tightening effect clinically, the debate continues over its actual effects on dermal collagen. OBJECTIVES To provide quantitative measures of skin elasticity changes associated with pulsed carbon dioxide laser skin resurfacing and to introduce to the facial plastic surgery community the Cutometer SEM 5...

We present the application of a microfluidic optical cell stretcher to measure the elasticity of malaria-infected red blood cells. The measurements confirm an increase in host cell rigidity during the maturation of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The device combines the selectivity and sensitivity of single-cell elasticity measurements with a throughput that is higher than conventional sing...

PURPOSE To develop a method for evaluating viscosity and elasticity of the cornea and to examine the effect that both properties have on hysteresis. METHODS A three-component spring and dashpot model was created in Simulink in Matlab to represent the purely elastic and viscoelastic behavior of the cornea during a measurement using device called an ocular response analyzer (ORA). Values for el...

An estimation method is developed for extracting the latent stochastic volatility from VIX, a volatility index for the S&P 500 index return produced by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) using the so-called model-free volatility construction. Our model specification encompasses all mean-reverting stochastic volatility option pricing models with a constant-elasticity of variance and those...

We introduce a measure of elasticity of stochastic demand, called the elasticity of the lost-sales rate, which offers a unifying perspective on the well-known newsvendor with pricing problem. This new concept provides a framework to characterize structural results for coordinated and uncoordinated pricing and inventory strategies. Concavity and submodularity of the profit function, as well as s...

This study examines the impact of malpractice reforms on physician behavior using a new measure of liability risk and a nationally representative, individuallevel data set on physician behavior. We match our liability measure to data on physician behavior from the Physician Practice Costs and Income Survey (PPCIS). Data from the PPCIS bracket a period of substantial state-level legal reform bet...

The usefulness of constitutional diagnoses based on skin measurements has been established in oriental medicine. However, it is very difficult to standardize traditional diagnosis methods. According to Sasang constitutional medicine, humans can be distinguished based on properties of the skin, including its texture, roughness, hardness and elasticity. The elasticity of the skin was previously u...