Energy is swiftly becoming a gating issue in large scale storage systems, from high-performance computing (HPC) to data intensive applications. For example, the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) [3] is a large radio telescope array expected to be finished by 2024. Its dishes will produce about one exabyte (EB) of raw image data per day. However, the power envelope goal for the storage systems of fut...

In the attempt to tackle the issue of climate change, governments across the world have agreed to set global carbon reduction targets. For instance, the UK has agreed to reduce the green house gas emissions by 80% of 1990 levels by 2050 [1]. In the pursuit of the carbon reduction, there has been a continuous shift towards the de-carbonisation of major infrastructures such as transport and energ...

Confined aquifers are formations surrounded by impermeable layers called cap rocks and bed rocks. These aquifers are suitable for the seasonal storage of thermal energy. A confined aquifer was designed to meet the cooling and heating energy needs of a residential building complex located in Tehran, Iran. The annual cooling and heating energy needs of the buildings were estimated to be 8.7...

The world is undergoing a rapid energy transformation dominated by growing capacities of renewable sources, such as wind and solar power. intrinsic variable nature sources calls for affordable storage solutions. This paper proposes using lifts empty apartments in tall buildings to store energy. Lift Energy Storage Technology (LEST) gravitational-based solution. stored lifting wet sand container...

Efficient and economic energy storage, if implemented in the current power infrastructure on a large scale, could bring about some of the greatest changes in the power industry in decades. Additionally, energy storage would improve the reliability and dynamic stability of the power system by providing stable, abundant energy reserves that require little ramp time and are less susceptible to var...

A Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system stores energy in a superconducting coil in the form of a magnetic field. The magnetic field is created with the flow of a direct current (DC) through the coil. To maintain the system charged, the coil must be cooled adequately (to a “cryogenic” temperature) so as to manifest its superconducting properties – no resistance to the flow of cur...