Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an insulinotropic peptide secreted by intestinal L-cells (mucosal cells belonging to the APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) system in response to oral food intake. GLP-1 is co-encoded in the proglucagon gene and while post-translational processing of proglucagon in the pancreas gives rise to glucagon, GLP-1 (7–36 amide) is produced in the intest...

UNLABELLED GPR119 receptor agonists improve glucose metabolism and alter gut hormone profiles in animal models and healthy subjects. We therefore investigated the pharmacology of GSK1292263 (GSK263), a selective GPR119 agonist, in two randomized, placebo-controlled studies that enrolled subjects with type 2 diabetes. Study 1 had drug-naive subjects or subjects who had stopped their diabetic med...

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretine hormone that controls consummatory behavior and glucose homeostasis. It is released in response to nutrient ingestion from the intestine and production in the brain has also been identified. Given that GLP-1 receptors are expressed in reward areas, such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, and that common mechanisms regulate food a...

Glucagon-like peptide 2 [GLP-2] is a 33-amino acid peptide released from the mucosal enteroendocrine L-cells of the intestine. The actions of GLP-2 are transduced by the GLP-2 receptor [GLP-2R], which is localized in the neurons of the enteric nervous system but not in the intestinal epithelium, indicating an indirect mechanism of action. GLP-2 is well known for its trophic role within the inte...

The experimental protocol of the perfused rat pancreas is commonly used to evaluate β-cell function. In this context, mathematical models become useful tools through the determination of indexes that allow the assessment of β-cell function in different experimental groups and the quantification of the effects of antidiabetic drugs, secretagogues, or treatments. However, a minimal model applicab...

Imperatorin, a dietary furocoumarin, is found not only in medicinal plants, but also in popular culinary herbs, such as parsley and fennel. Recently, imperatorin has been shown to activate GPR119 in cells. Another GPR, GPR131, also called TGR5 or G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1), is known to regulate glucose metabolism. Additionally, TGR5 activation increases glucagon-like peptid...

In this study, we investigated how Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) enhances glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) response in GK rats and explored the potential link between RYGB-stimulated BAs/FXR signalling GLP-1R-linked ?-cells, a key pathway that regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Here show RYGB restores GLP-1R expression rat islets. This involves increased total BAs as well c...

SYNOPSIS. Glucose metabolism in mammalian species and teleost fish is controlled by different metabolic pathways. These include differences in the function of several major hormones, especially insulin and GLP-1. The major physiological role of GLP-1 in mammals is to connect the consumption of nutrients with glucose metabolism. The glucose lowering effects of GLP-1 in the postprandial state of ...

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are cosecreted from the intestine in response to nutrient ingestion. Peripheral administration of GLP-1 or PYY decreases food intake (FI) in rodents and humans; however, the exact mechanisms by which these peptides regulate FI remain unclear. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected (ip) with exendin-4 (Ex4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist) and/or PYY (0.03–...

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifunctional hormone with broad pharmacological potential to control inflammation, protect cardiovascular, kidney, and liver functions. Moreover, GLP-1 can also cross the blood-brain barrier bind GLP-1R distributed in various parts of brain, thereby reducing apoptosis caused by neuroinflammation oxygen stress, promoting learning, memory, cognitive functio...