The paper examines decentralized cryptocurrency protocols that are based on the use of internal tokens as identity tools. An analysis of security problems with popular Proof-of-stake consensus protocols is provided. A new protocol, Interactive Proof-of-Stake, is proposed. The main ideas of the protocol are to reduce a number of variables a miner can iterate over to a minimum and also to bring a...

Classroom Grade Composition and Pupil Achievement This paper exploits discontinuous grade mixing rules in Norwegian junior high schools to estimate how classroom grade composition affects pupil achievement. Pupils in mixed grade classrooms are found to outperform pupils in single grade classrooms on high stake central exit tests and teacher set and graded tests. This effect is driven by pupils ...

In the 21st century, with rise of popularity standardized or large-scale tests, their high-stakes have started to be apparent. High-stake tests are not new, but in most cases, current use as social practice tends shape individuals’ futures. Currently new trend for quality discussion aims critically evaluate through focus on functions, and power testing discourse, whereas traditionally what was ...

Independent Component Analysis (ICA, see Comon, 1994 and Hyvärinen et al., 2001) is more appropriate when non-linearity and non-normality are at stake, as mentioned by Back and Weigend (1997) in a financial context. Using high-frequency data on the French Stock Market, we evaluate this technique when generating scenarii for accurate Value-atRisk computations, reducing by this mean the effective...

BACKGROUND Most assessments in health professions education consist of knowledge-based examinations as well as practical and clinical examinations. Among the most challenging aspects of clinical assessments is decision making related to borderline grades assigned by examiners. Borderline grades are commonly used by examiners when they do not have sufficient information to make clear pass/fail d...