This study investigates washback effects of IELTS test on university teachers’ adoption teaching materials in the classroom China and see how a high-stake language exam affects their practices they students perceive effectiveness pedagogic adjustments. To this end, individual interview to five teacher participants was carried out questionnaire administered over 100 students. The results show po...

Abstract In this article I investigate to what extent the use of metaphorical expressions in language learners’ texts vary according topic they have chosen write about. The data come from Norwegian learner corpus ASK, where are written assignments produced by adult second-language learners as part an official test and texts. Texts two different prompts selected, which related friendship nature....

The effects of stake size on cooperation and punishment are investigated using a public goods experiment. We find that an increase in stake size does neither significantly affect cooperation nor, interestingly, the level of punishment.