Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that normally exists as a harmless commensal in humans. In instances where host debilitation occurs, Candida can cause a range of clinical infections, and whilst these are primarily superficial, effecting mucosal membranes, systemic infections can develop in severely immunocompromised individuals. The mechanism of host immunity during commens...

Although it is well known that mating increases the risk of infection, we do not know how females mitigate the fitness costs of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It has recently been shown that female fruitflies, Drosophila melanogaster, specifically upregulate two members of the Turandot family of immune and stress response genes, Turandot M and Turandot C (TotM and TotC), when they hear...

The ‘hygiene hypothesis’ suggests that a lack of infections favours the development of allergic disease. Mycobacteria and helminths are important in the hygiene hypothesis as infections caused by these agents generate regulatory mechanisms that can restore the immune balance. The hygiene hypothesis may be viewed as a complex multifactorial interaction between the environment and the genetic bac...

We examined immunity induced by subpatent blood-stage malaria (undetectable by microscopy) using the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi, postulating that limited infection may allow expansion of antigen-specific T cells that are normally deleted by apoptosis. After three infections drug cured at 48 h, mice were protected against high-dose challenge with homologous or heterolo...

Preservation of health from infectious diseases depends upon both mucosal and systemic immunity via the collaborative effort of innate and adaptive immune responses. The proficiency of host immunity stems from robust defense mechanisms--physical barriers and specialized immune cells--and a failure of these mechanisms leads to pathology. Intriguingly, immunocompetence to pathogens can be shaped ...

Infections with HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus can turn into chronic infections, which currently affect more than 500 million patients worldwide. It is generally thought that virus-mediated T-cell exhaustion limits T-cell function, thus promoting chronic disease. Here we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells have a negative impact on the development of T-cell immunity by usi...

In all animal models for chlamydial infection, there is strong evidence for immunity to reinfection; however, immunity is only complete (ie, preventing infection) in the short term. In the long term, animals are only partially immune (ie, they can be reinfected, but infections are usually abbreviated and less intense than the primary infection). This review will target the mechanisms responsibl...

Objective: The world was confronted with an illness 'COVID-19', caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-cov-2. This is highly contagious and in just a few months has become serious threat to human health all over world. mainstay management of corona viral infections been supportive care, nutrition, preventing secondary absence any antiviral agent or vaccine. best way COVID-19 infection enhancing i...

Natural infection and then recovery are considered to be the most effective means for hosts to build protective immunity. Thus, mimicking natural infection of pathogens, many live attenuated vaccines such as influenza virus, and yellow fever vaccine 17D were developed and have been successfully used to induce protective immunity. However, humans fail to generate long-term protective immunity to...

Trypanosomes cause disease in humans and livestock throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Although various species show evidence of clinical tolerance to trypanosomes, until now there has been no evidence of acquired immunity to natural infections. We discovered a distinct peak and decrease in age prevalence of T. brucei s.l. infection in wild African lions that is consistent with being driven by an ex...