this study investigated t he effectiveness o f concept mapping ( c m ) used as a teaching and learning strategy i n english as a second language ( e s l ) . the research design was semi - experimental with a pre-test and a post - test . thirty - three e s l students were allocated randomly in three experimental groups : collaborative cm , individual c m and the traditional teaching method . the...

User requirements, building codes, construction rules and regulations imply constraints on a building design. Additional constraints are introduced by the different participants of the collaborative planning process through the individual body of knowledge representing their particular domain. Checking digital building models for compliance with these constraints allows detecting design errors ...

Collaborative teams are organizations where joint members work together to solve mutual goals. Mixed-initiative planning systems are useful tools in such situations, because they can support several common activities performed in these organizations. However, as collaborative members are involved in different decision making planning levels, they consequently require different information types...

  One of the most problematic areas in foreign language learning is collocation. It is often seen as arbitrary and an overwhelming obstacle to the achievement of nativelike fluency. Current second language (L2) instruction research has encouraged the use of collaborative output tasks in L2 classrooms. This study examined the effects of two types of output tasks (editing and cloze) on the learni...

COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM March 1999/Vol. 42, No. 3 71 The first approach focuses on forms of communication, requirements for consistent collaboration, planning of coordinated behaviors to achieve collaborative goals, extensions to logics of action and belief for multiple agents, and types of emergent phenomena when many agents interact, for instance, taking routing decisions on a telecommunica...