Although various norms for reciprocity-based cooperation have been suggested that are evolutionarily stable against invasion from free riders, the process of alternation of norms and the role of diversified norms remain unclear in the evolution of cooperation. We clarify the co-evolutionary dynamics of norms and cooperation in indirect reciprocity and also identify the indispensable norms for t...

MOTIVATION The phenotypes of knockout mice provide crucial information for understanding the biological functions of mammalian genes. Among various knockout phenotypes, lethality is of great interest because those involved genes play essential roles. With the availability of large-scale genomic data, we aimed to assess how well the integration of various genomic features can predict the lethal ...

A recent paper published by Kimchi, Xu, and Dulac in Nature describes the emergence of male-type sexual behavior in female mice following incapacitation of the accessory olfactory system. The authors argue that this implies a default male-type behavioral pattern that is otherwise constantly inhibited in the female brain by chemical signals transduced in the accessory olfactory system. In additi...

of tau, a brain microtubule-associated protein, in lens cortical fractions of aged αA-, αB-, and αA/B-crystallin knockout mice.

Knockout tournaments are very common in practice for various settings such as sport events and sequential pairwise elimination elections. In this paper, we investigate the computational aspect of tournament agenda control, i.e., finding the agenda that maximizes the chances of a target player winning the tournament. We consider several modelings of the problem based on different constraints tha...

Distorted wave impulse approximation calculations for the (m, mp) quasifree knockout reaction on ' 0 and ~Ca have been carried out for a variety of bombarding energies and angle pairs. In general, the distortion effects arising from the interaction of the pions and protons with the target core are strong and vary with bombarding energy. The results emphasize the need to include these interactio...

Two-proton removal reaction cross sections, from 208Pb at 1 GeV/nucleon, are estimated as an example of the direct population of (high-spin) seniority-2 isomeric states, here in 206Hg. Nucleon removal by both the stripping and diffractive mechanisms is considered. The cross sections in this specific (test) case are significant and can provide direct two-nucleon removal predictions of isomeric r...

of time the underlying asset price spends outside of a pre-specified price range (occupation time). Proportional and simple double-barrier step options are gradual knockout options with the principal amortized based on the occupation time outside of the range. Delayed double-barrier options are extinguished when the occupation time outside of the range exceeds a prespecified knock-out window (d...

A multi-player connict is modelled as a knockout tournament. In a contest between two individuals who use behaviours x and y there is a probability that each will win and a cost incurred by the loser; both of which depends on x and y. Groups of individuals resolve their disputes in the form of a knockout tournament in which in each round the remaining contestants form pairs who contest, with wi...

A gene knockout is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative. Also known as knockout organisms or simply knockouts, they are used in learning about a gene that has been sequenced, but which has an unknown or incompletely known function. Researchers draw inferences from the difference between the knockout organism and normal individuals. The term also refers to ...