multiple intelligences (mi), second/foreign (l2) proficiency and gender are postulated to contribute to language learning strategies (lls). this study, first, examined whether there was any relationship between iranian efl learners’ lls, on the one hand, and their mi, l2 proficiency, on the other hand. in so doing, it explored the relationship of the overall l2 strategy as well as individual st...

The present study was carried out to investigate whether there is any relationship between the language learners' general language proficiency level and language learning strategies at elementary and intermediate level in Iran. The research tried to find out how learners’ proficiency level influences language learning strategies employed by learners. In addition the study seeks to identify the ...

l2 research has shown that instruction in l2 pragmatics is necessary. the current study evaluated the impact of explicit instruction on efl learner's awareness and production of three speech acts of request, apology, and complaint. it also probed whether learners’ language proficiency plays any role in incorporating pragmatic instruction into the l2 classroom. iranian undergraduate students maj...

In today's global economy, most people all over the world need to speak a second language (L2) for study, work, or social purposes. Assessment of speaking, either in classroom as an external exam, is therefore important task. However, because its fleeting nature, assessment speaking proficiency difficult. For valid assessment, test must measure without construct-irrelevant variance, instance, d...

It is widely believed that adults cannot learn a foreign language in the same way that children learn a first language. However, recent evidence suggests that adult learners of a foreign language can come to rely on native-like language brain mechanisms. Here, we show that the type of language training crucially impacts this outcome. We used an artificial language paradigm to examine longitudin...

this study aims to examine how iranian efl learners perceive and apply mitigation devices in request speech act in 4 asymmetrical situations. role-play interactions and questionnaires were used to elicit the required data from iranian informants (male vs. female). the results obtained from the analysis of data revealed that in identical situations, male requestors were comparably more certain t...