During the last 5 years JPL has examined a number of concepts 2 for robotically controlled balloons or aerobots. The Venus Geoscience Aerobot (VGA) concept uses reversible fluid altitude control to carry out repeated descents to the surface of Venus. This concept uses frozen water to keep the electronics cool. The balloon must periodically go to high altitude so that the water can be refrozen. ...

Advancement in technology demands the successful utilization of energy and its management in a greater extent. Thermal energy management plays a crucial role from high-payload electrical instruments to ultra-small electronic circuitries. The advent of nanofluids that happened in the 1990s successfully addressed the low thermal efficiency of conventional fluids in a significant manner. The groun...

This paper presents a holistic framework for evaluating learning materials and designs for learning. A holistic evaluation comprises investigations of the potential learning potential, the actualised learning potential, and the actual learning. Each aspect is explained and exemplified through theoretical models and definitions.

The study was to evaluate the performance of different materials used in dental operative simulation and compare them with those of natural teeth. Three typical phantom teeth materials were compared with extracted permanent teeth by a nanoindentation system and evaluated by students and registered dentists on the drilling sensation of the materials. Moreover, the tool life (machinability) of ne...

The theory of electromagnetic shielding is based on the waves equations describing the behavior of electromagnetic field in material. The proposed approach consist in a PSpice model using transmission line model to simulate the attenuation introduced by a material characterized by the macroscopic parameters ε, μ, σ. To verify the data obtained through PSpice simulation, a wave-guide-based measu...

Empowerment evaluation is an evaluation approach which entered the evaluation arena in 1993 (Miller & Campbell, 2006). It was initially introduced at the American Evaluation Association conference by David Fetterman. Since its inception, it has been utilized in a variety of contexts including individualistic, organizational, institutional and community-based settings (Fetterman, 1998). Empowerm...

Color match is one of the most important characteristics of aesthetic restorative materials. Maintenance of color throughout the functional lifetime of restorations is important for the durability of treatment. This characteristic is not constant among dental materials. The purpose of this research was to assess the color stability of five aesthetic restorative materials when immersed in a coff...

The flipped classroom was utilized in a two-semester, high-content science course that enrolled between 50 and 80 students at a small liberal arts college. With the flipped model, students watched ~20-min lectures 2 days/wk outside of class. These videos were recorded via screen capture and included a detailed note outline, PowerPoint slides, and review questions. The traditional format include...

BACKGROUND Realist evaluation is increasingly used in health services and other fields of research and evaluation. No previous standards exist for reporting realist evaluations. This standard was developed as part of the RAMESES II project. The project's aim is to produce initial reporting standards for realist evaluations. METHODS We purposively recruited a maximum variety sample of an inter...