The COVID-19 pandemic that hit Indonesia caused a decline in agricultural production, rising food prices, restrictions on export-import activities, and decrease non-food consumption. purpose of this study was to determine the demand for staple during era, examine household budget allocations price elasticity income elasticity. This uses expenditure data consumption Indonesian population based r...

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive multivariate cointegration analysis of three parts of the steam coal value chain – export, transport and import prices. The analysis is based on a rich dataset of international coal prices; in particular, we combine data on steam coal prices with freight rates, covering the period December 2001 until August 2009 at weekly frequency. We then test whether...

1. INTRODUCTION Historically, Argentina has been among the world leaders in the production and/or export of agricultural products. The main reason for this is that it is a country relatively sparsely populated but richly endowed with natural resources for production agriculture. According to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (FAOSTAT database), in 2006 Argentina accounted fo...

S teel industries play a key role in the national economy and welfare of the society in many steel manufacturer countries. It is found that manufacturing and consuming of steel products would be a key indicator to measure and evaluate economic and industrial performance of a country. Nowadays, countries with the large natural oil and gas resources (e.g. Iran) attempt to select an alt...

Oil still contributes around 30 % to Russia's commodity export earnings, therefore the impact of oil prices on Ruble's exchange rate is current interest Russian economists. Instruments time series analysis were used test a proposition that ruble’s has become less dependent Brent crude price in recent years. We obtained 1,095 weekly observations for years 2000 2020 from FINAM company website. Ou...

 Libya experienced a substantial increase in oil revenue as a result of increased oil prices during the period of the late 1970s and early 1980s, and again after 2000. Recent increases in oil production and the price of oil, and their positive and negative macroeconomic impacts upon key macroeconomic variables, are of considerable contemporary importance to an oil dependent economy such as that...

â â â â  libya experienced a substantial increase in oil revenue as a result of increased oil prices during the period of the late 1970s and early 1980s, and again after 2000. recent increases in oil production and the price of oil, and their positive and negative macroeconomic impacts upon key macroeconomic variables, are of considerable contemporary importance to an oil dependent economy such...

Abstract Indonesia is one of the countries rich in germplasm form livestock. Livestock products can be meat, milk and eggs as well by-products such leather. Animal leathers are livestock produced from a slaughtering industry. have potential raw material for non-oil gas export products. Until now, by-product leather has been processed utilized by many people Indonesia. Utilization carried out fo...