within the framework of international political economy, this article discusses the situation of energy resources, including oil and gas, in central asia and argues that due to abundance of oil and gas resources in such countries as kazakhstan, turkmenistan and uzbekistan, and hefty revenues generated by those resources, statesmen in these countries are planning to turn central asia into a majo...

One of the objectives of OPEC is the security of demand for the crude oil exports of its members. Achieving this objective is imperative with the projected decline in OECD countries' crude oil demand among other crude oil demand shocks. This paper focuses on determining the external crude oil demand security risks of OPEC member states. In assessing these risks, this study introduces two indexe...

Combining the theories of politics of scale from political geography, security theory from international relations, and energy security theory, and putting the scale conversion of energy contention, geographical relationship and geo-structure in geo-setting, and the three properties of safety in consideration, this paper rebuilds a geo-energy security evaluation model and uses the model to quan...

Indonesia's export-import activities in recent years, the value of exports and imports has decreased due to global conditions. The problems that occur are uncertainty complexity estimating international trade oil gas non-oil sectors, dependence on just one or a few markets, problem unfair competition, competition between business actors can reduce prices. is influenced by several external facto...