Accurately estimating a time interval is required in everyday activities such as driving or cooking. Estimating time is relatively easy, provided a person attends to it. But a brief shift of attention to another task usually interferes with timing. Most processes carried out concurrently with timing interfere with it. Curiously, some do not. Literature on a few processes suggests a general prop...

This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions-mental set shifting ("Shifting"), information updating and monitoring ("Updating"), and inhibition of prepotent responses ("Inhibition")-and their roles in complex "frontal lobe" or "executive" tasks. One hundred thirty-seven college students performed a set of relatively simple experimenta...

Working memory is one of several putative core neurocognitive processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present work seeks to determine whether visual-spatial working memory is sensitive to motivational incentives, a laboratory analogue of behavioral treatment. Participants were 21 children (ages 7-10) with a diagnosis of ADHD-combined type. Participants completed a comp...

We introduce and empirically evaluate the strategy affordance hypothesis, which holds that individual differences in strategy use will mediate the relationship between performances on a working memory (WM) span task and another cognitive task only when the same strategies are afforded by both tasks. One hundred forty-eight participants completed basic memory tasks and verbal span tasks that aff...

This paper reports memory span data from 45 monolingual, normal-hearing children ranging in age from 3;5 to 5;11 years. A newly implemented methodology (here termed the “memory span game”) required participants to reproduce sequences of lights, or sequences of lights accompanied by sounds, by pressing appropriately matched buttons on a response box. Auditory stimuli used in the light-plus-sound...

to be able to reach the level of ultimate attainment in the second language, learners need to acquire not only the grammar of the l2 but also the language processing mechanisms involved in the comprehension of sentences in real time. contrary to its importance, very little is known yet about online l2 processing. this study examines whether advanced iranian learners of english reactivate disloc...

Regular consumption of vitamin D doses can improve heart function in patients with heart failure. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on the recovery process of neonates, infants, and children with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) following reconstructive cardiac surgery. Materials and Methods: In this sing...

OBJECTIVE Electroencephalographic (EEG) peak alpha frequency (PAF) (measured in Hz) has been correlated to cognitive performance between healthy and clinical individuals, and among healthy individuals. PAF also varies within individuals across developmental stages, among different cognitive tasks, and among physiological states induced by administration of various substances. The present study ...

I feel grateful /ˈɡreɪt.fəl/ feeling gratitude to someone for a helpful act thankful /ˈθaeŋk.fəl/ glad that something has happened, that someone exists indebted /ɪnˈdet.ɪd/ owing gratitude to someone because of help given appreciative /əˈpriː.ʃə.tɪv/ showing an understanding of how good something is beholden /bɪˈhəʊl.dən/ feeling of having a duty to someone because of what they have done to eve...

In this shared task, we applied “Learning to Rank” algorithm with multiple features, including lexical features, topic features, knowledge-based features and sentence importance, to Task 1A by regarding reference span finding as an information retrieval problem. Task 1B, discourse facet identifying, is treated as a text classification problem by considering features of both citation contexts an...