Phytohormones exhibit a wide range of chemical structures, though they primarily originate from three key metabolic precursors: amino acids, isoprenoids, and lipids. Specific such as tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, arginine, contribute to the production various phytohormones, including auxins, melatonin, ethylene, salicylic acid, polyamines. Isoprenoids are foundation five phytohormone c...

An efficient simplified isotope dilution method was developed to determine four carboxyl containing phytohormones simultaneously in 200 mg of fresh tomato tissues using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with negative electrospray ionization. The four phytohormones are indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA),...

In contrast to animals, plants maintain highly plastic growth and development throughout their life, which enables them to adapt to environmental fluctuations. Phytohormones coordinately regulate these adaptations by integrating environmental inputs into a complex signalling network. In this review, the focus is on the rapid elongation that occurs in response to canopy shading or submergence, a...

As integral parts of plant signaling networks, phytohormones are involved in the regulation of plant metabolism and growth under adverse environmental conditions, including salinity. Globally, salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stressors with an estimated 800 million hectares of arable land affected. Roots are the first plant organ to sense salinity in the soil, and are the initial site...

Plants are subjected to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, extreme temperature, salinity, and heavy metals. Abiotic stresses have negative impact on the physiology and morphology of plants through defects in the genetic regulation of cellular pathways. Plants employ several tolerance mechanisms and pathways to avert the effects of stresses that are triggered whenever alterations in meta...

Phytohormones, which naturally occur in plants, must be taken into consideration for their contribution to the total human exposure to potential endocrine active substances (EASs). Phytohormones are usually divided into two families: phytoestrogens that mainly occur from soybeans and soy derivatives and phytosterols that occur from vegetables and vegetable oils. The present paper compiles diffe...

Chloroplast Envelope, Permeability Coefficients, Phytohormones, Plasmalemma, Spinach The uptake of auxin (LAA), abscisic acid (ABA) the synthetic cytokinin benzylaminopurine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and mevalonic acid (lactone) (MVA) into intact chloroplasts and protoplasts from spinach mesophyll cells was measured and the permeability coefficients Ps of the chloroplast envelope and the pla...

Abiotic stress accounts for huge crop losses every year across the globe. In plants, the photosynthetic machinery gets severely damaged at various levels due to adverse environmental conditions. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a result of stress further promote the photosynthetic damage by inhibiting the repair system of photosystem II. Earlier studies have suggested th...

The effect of temperatures (15 and 5 degrees C) on adsorption parameters of phytohormones at monolayers prepared from a mixture of phospholipids extracted from non-embryogenic (NE) and embryogenic (E) winter wheat calli initiated from inflorescences (inf) and embryos (emb) was studied. The surface parameter values, i.e. limiting area and collapse pressure, were determined using the Langmuir met...

Liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) connected with ultraviolet (UV) detection were used for the determination of phytohormones. The parameters influencing performance HPLC-UV method, including composition mobile gradient elution, column temperature, flow rate, wavelength, optimized. This method can simultaneously determine 11 phytoh...