A range of slack vegetation in southern New Zealand was described by detailed sampling of four dune slacks, contrasting in topographic situation and in vegetation. Comparison is made with a slack previously sampled on Stewart Island. The five slacks differed markedly in the plant communities present. One slack, where there was considerable peat accumulation, was dominated by the megaherb Phormi...

Increased carbon emissions led to extreme weather, global warming, and other environmental problems. In order control energy input reduce emissions, this study first combines a three-stage Slacks-Based Measure with Data Envelopment Analysis (SBM-DEA) uses the Malmquist index quantify consumption at city scale related emission efficiency in Fujian Province for period 2015–2020. Second, we explor...

Safety is a key performance indicator for the sustainable management of coastal ferry service business. An efficiency strategy that balances safety and transport should be considered. The purpose this study to evaluate relative operators through undesirable safety-related output. Coastal create added value logistics activities such as cargo passenger transport. Accordingly, designed three-stage...

In 2020, China proposed the country’s dual carbon goals of peaking emissions by 2030 and achieving neutrality 2060. Under goals, low-carbon transformation has become an important development direction for Chinese ports. Taking eight ports in China’s Bohai-rim port group as example, this study adopts Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model to evaluate efficiency considering environmental factor dioxide...

As China’s largest urban agglomeration with rapid growth of economy and population, the development Central Plains Urban Agglomeration (CPUA) has been severely restricted by environmental problems. Thus, green performance CPUA is worth studying. This study used panel data 29 cities in from 2003 to 2018 based on Slacks-based Measure Global Malmquist–Luenberger index measure total factor producti...

Directional distance function (DDF) is a recognized technique for measuring efficiency while incorporating undesirable outputs. This approach allows for desirable outputs to be expanded while undesirable outputs are contracted simultaneously. A drawback of the DDF approach is that the direction vector to the production boundary is fixed arbitrarily, which may not provide the best efficiency mea...

Abstract We introduce a new method for the estimation of production technologies in multi-input multi-output context, based on OneClass Support Vector Machines with piecewise linear transformation mapping. compare via finite-sample simulation study technique Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to estimate technical efficiency. The criteria adopted measuring performance estimators are bias and mean ...