Plants achieve mineral ion homeostasis by means of a hydrophobic barrier on endodermal cells called the Casparian strip, which restricts lateral diffusion of ions between the root vascular bundles and the soil. We identified a family of sulfated peptides required for contiguous Casparian strip formation in Arabidopsis roots. These peptide hormones, which we named Casparian strip integrity facto...

To transmit neural information from pre to postsynaptic neurons, the number, morphology, and function of the synapse have to be strictly regulated. Failures in synaptic formations are linked to neural disorders. For example, it is suggested that localization of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors plays important roles in NMDA receptor-induced excitotoxicity, which is in turn thought to contri...

OBJECTIVE To study the pathogenesis of the pain of discography and the discogenic low back pain. METHODS 19 specimens of lumbar intervertebral discs from 17 patients with discogenic low back pain during posterior lumbar interbody fusion, and 12 physiologically aging discs and 10 normal control discs were collected to investigate the morphologic features and innervation containing neuropeptide...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to document the optimal spacing of two cannulae to form continuous strip lesions and maximal surface area by using water-cooled bipolar radiofrequency technology. METHODS Two water-cooled needle probes (15 cm length, 18-gauge probe with 6 mm electrode tip) were placed in a parallel position 10, 20, 24, 26, and 28 mm apart and submerged in egg white. Temper...

Plasticine strips are rolled between cylindrical rollers to model the phenomenon of material transfer in metal rolling. Strips of thin plastic film ‘clingfilm’) on the plasticine strip are used to model the oxide layer that covers the surface of aluminium. The effect of gaps opening up between he clingfilm strips is investigated. It is found that the percentage area of the exposed strip giving ...

We experimentally demonstrate a supercurrent-assisted, hotspot-formation mechanism for ultrafast detection and counting of visible and infrared photons. A photon-induced hotspot leads to a temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the superconducting sensor strip and results in an easily measurable voltage pulse. Subsequent hotspot healing in ;30 ps time frame, restores the superconduct...

The precise localization of extracellular matrix and cell wall components is of critical importance for multicellular organisms. Lignin is a major cell wall modification that often forms intricate subcellular patterns that are central to cellular function. Yet the mechanisms of lignin polymerization and the subcellular precision of its formation remain enigmatic. Here, we show that the Casparia...

Scale defects are common surface defects in hot steel rolling. The modelling of such defects is problematic and their causes are not straightforward. In this study, we investigated genetic algorithms in search for a mathematical solution to scale formation. For this research, a high-dimensional data set from hot steel rolling process was gathered. The synchronisation of the variables as well as...

In early neurulae of Triturus alpestris the cranio-caudal distribution of differentiation tendencies in the presumptive prosencephalon was tested. Small grafts made from a median strip excised from the region of the neural plate and transverse neural fold were transplanted to a pocket made under the cranio-ventral ectoderm of early neurulae. Grafts made from the middle portion of the strip show...

A theory is presented for tunneling between compressible regions on the sides of a narrow incompressible Quantum Hall strip. Assuming that electron interactions lead to formation of a Wigner crystal on the edges of the compressible regions, we consider the situation when the non-conservation of electron momentum required for transport is provided, in the absence of disorder, by umklapp scatteri...