A sensitive method was developed and validated for ten phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, six of their main transformation products (TPs) and two benzonitrile TPs in groundwater. The parent compounds mecoprop, mecoprop-p, 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, triclopyr, fluroxypr, bromoxynil, bentazone, and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (TBA) are included and a selection of their main TPs: phenoxyacetic acid (PAC), ...

We developed a multiple state transition path sampling (TPS) approach in which it is possible to simultaneously sample pathways connecting a number of different stable states. Based on the original formulation of the TPS we have extended the path ensemble to include trajectories connecting not only two distinct stable states but any two states defined within a system. The multiple state TPS app...

Pharmaceuticals are emerging organic micropollutants that are frequently detected in the aquatic environment. While information on their environmental occurrence is substantial, knowledge gaps exist with respect to their environmental transformation. This licentiate thesis focuses on this research deficit by (1) providing and applying tools for identifying biotransformation products, and (2) in...

background: radiotherapy plays an important role in the management of most malignant and many benign primary central nervous system (cns) tumors. radiotherapy affects both tumor cells and uninvolved normal cells; so, it is important to estimate absorbed dose to organs at risk in this kind of treatment. the aim of this study was to determine the absorbed dose to chiasma, lens, optic nerve, retin...

In particle radiotherapy, range uncertainty is an important issue that needs to be overcome. Because high-dose conformality can be achieved using a particle beam, a small uncertainty can affect tumor control or cause normal-tissue complications. From this perspective, the treatment planning system (TPS) must be accurate. However, there is a well-known inaccuracy regarding dose computation in he...

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy and efficacy of an automated treatment plan verification, or "secondary check", tool (Mobius3D), which uses a reference dataset to perform an independent three-dimensional dose verification of the treatment planning system (TPS) dose calculation and assesses plan quality by comparing dose-volume histograms to reference benchmarks. The accurac...

Background. Transpancreatic precut sphincterotomy (TPS) is an option for difficult common bile duct (CBD) access, and the reports are few, with immediate success rate varying from 60 to 96%. The description of relation between the size of TPS and the immediate success rate of CBD cannulation was not found in the literature. The Aim of the Study. To evaluate the relation of large TPS to immediat...

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, for which there is currently no safe and effective drug for therapy. In this study, we explored the effects of taurine, tea polyphenols (TPs), or a combination thereof, on NASH rats. METHODS Rats were divided into a normal group, a high-fat diet induced model group and a treatment group (...