The function of transportation services is covering of distances and transferring goods, passengers and messages from one place to another. There is a possibility to use a simple and complex cost model or their modification to reflect transportation costs and their impact. The resulting value obtained from the usage of a complex cost model is influenced by a material expensiveness, wage expensi...

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 required that charges for interconnection, universal service and unbundled network elements should be based on cost, and directed the Federal Communications Commission to implement this legislation. The parties developed engineering process models to estimate forward-looking costs. Both the engineering economics and the cost model approaches were unsatisfactor...

In transportation and telecommunication systems, the performance of the underlying network can often be improved by upgrading some of the arcs in the network. If an arc is upgraded, the travel time along this arc is reduced by a discount factor α, 0 ≤ α < 1. With respect to different minimax network objectives, we define a series of problems that involve finding the best q arcs in a network to ...

This study aims to minimize the total cost of a four-echelon supply chain including suppliers, an assembler, distributers, and retailers. The total cost consists of purchasing raw materials from the suppliers by the assembler, assembling the final product, materials transportation from the suppliers to the assembler, product transportation from the assembler to the distributors, product transpo...

in the case of hazardous materials management, selected routes for carrying hazardous materials (i.e.,hazmat) have significant effects on locating hazmat distribution centers. since, risk and cost are usuallyconsidered as two main attributes to determine the best routes, optimized locations are sequentially outlineddepending on selected routes. in the present paper, two different approaches of ...

⎯This paper investigates the case where a failed product can be detected only through inspections. During the lifetime of the product, it is inspected once and then must be replaced by either corrective or preventive replacement depending on the result of the inspection. By incorporating a discount factor, a mathematical model is established to take the time value of costs into account. Based o...

We consider the following transportation problem with both random and fuzzy factors. There exist m supply points and n demand points. For each route between supply point and demand point, unit transportation cost is a random variable according to a normal distribution and existence possibility denoting the preference choosing this route is attached. The probability that the total transportation...

A cost-based approach to asset-pricing equilibrium relationships is developed. A cost function induces a stochastic discount factor (pricing kernel) that is a function of random output, prices, and capital stockt. By eliminating opportunities for arbitrage between financial markets and the production technology, firms minimize the current cost of future consumption. The first-order conditions f...

The use of a Declining Discount Rate (DDR), in cost-benefit analysis (CBA), compared to the use of a Constant Discount Rate, implies that the policy maker will put relatively more effort to improve social welfare in the far distant future than in the shorter time. The choice between the two discount rates is crucial and linked, for example, to the problem of whether we should fight malaria and ...