abstractwriting and speaking are the productive skills of a language and share similar components. however, there has been little attempt to investigate the impact of writing practice on the speaking proficiency of the learners. the present study using a pretest-posttest controlled group design in a quasi-experimental approach investigated the effect of guided writing practice on the speaking p...

in iranian language learning contexts, writing in english is an important challenge for learners, since it is usually treated as a secondary skill and is led to the periphery of language classes, due to its time-consuming nature. computer technology and namely the free online environments available in the world wide web (www) offer possibilities for moving beyond such confinements. asynchronous...

The purpose of the present study was to compare writing high achievers and low achievers TEFL (teaching English as foreign language) learners’ writing self-beliefs. Subjects, based on their officially recorded scores on the writing course, were assigned in two 22-member groups of high and low achievers. The adapted English version of Mills’ and Péron’s (2008) questionnaire and the Foreign Langu...

We report on a conceptually new type of waveguide in glass by femtosecond laser direct writing, namely, photonic lattice-like (PLLW). The PLLW’s core consists well-distributed and densified tracks with sub-micron size 0.62 µm width. Specifically, PLLW inscribed as hexagonal-shape input ring-shape output side was implemented to converse Gaussian mode doughnut-like mode, high conversion efficienc...

Hanson and Kiparsky (1996, H&K) lay out a formal grammar for Shakespearean iambic pentameter defined by a small set of parameter settings, framed as constraints. In this paper, I investigate the possibility that different sub-genres of Shakespeare’s writing vary, categorically or on a gradient, in their settings for these parameters. To this end, I adapt the still under development Anttila et a...

this paper presents a system aimed to be entirely located in the Internet. The database, server side, logic and user interface are accessible regardless the location and equipment of the working team members. The system supports qualitative analysis of large datasets, and the work can be distributed among several team members or teams. A modified mixed method for developing software projects is...

Memory, M. A component that holds or stores information (i.e., i-units) over time. Its operations are reading i-units out of the memory, and writing i-units into the memory. Each memory that holds more than a single i-unit has associated with it an addressing system by means of which particular i-units can be designated or selected. A memory can also be considered as a switch to a number of sub...

Chinese poetry generation is a very challenging task in natural language processing. In this paper, we propose a novel two-stage poetry generating method which first plans the sub-topics of the poem according to the user’s writing intent, and then generates each line of the poem sequentially, using a modified recurrent neural network encoder-decoder framework. The proposed planningbased method ...

General purpose, high quality and fully automatic MT is believed to be impossible. We are interested in scriptural translation problems, which are weak sub-problems of the general problem of translation. We introduce the characteristics of the weak problems of translation and of the scriptural translation problems, describe different computational approaches (finite-state, statistical and hybri...