Physical and Geometric Effects on the Classical Geodetic Observations in Small-Scale Control Networks

In classical two-dimensional (2D) geodetic networks, reducing slope distances to horizontal ones is an important task for engineers. These along with directions are used in 2D adjustment. The common practice this reduction the use of vertical angles reduce using trigonometric rules. However, one faces systematic effects when angles. mainly due refraction, deflection (DOV), and geometric effect reference surface (sphere or ellipsoid). To mitigate refraction DOV effects, can choose observe reciprocally if baseline points’ elevation difference small. This paper quantifies these proposes a proper solution eliminate small-scale networks (where longest less than 5 km). goal calculate into appropriately. For purpose, we SWEN17_RH2000 quasigeoid model (in Sweden) study impact applying different lengths, azimuths, Finally, propose approach on We illustrate that measured significant height start point endpoint large. Geometric correction should be considered correctly network points not same elevation, even reciprocally.